Goal setting, motivation and arousal
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Lektionsnotizen
Goal setting
- Outcome goals concern competitive results such as winning and partly depend on opponents. Performance goals concern personal standards, not only lifetime bests. Process goals concern technique or actions. Combine a useful personal or process focus with any outcome ambition so progress is not judged only by others’ results.
- SMART is a framework rather than another goal category. AQA uses specific, measurable, accepted, realistic and time-bound; common alternatives use achievable and relevant. Name the convention when asked. Agree a suitable goal and review date, record the baseline and define the protocol; recorded does not replace time-bound.
Goal categories and a separate framework
Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation comes from enjoyment, interest or satisfaction in the activity. Extrinsic motivation involves external rewards or consequences, whether tangible trophies/money or intangible praise/approval. The same performer can experience both, and an external success can also bring internal pride.
- A controlling reward may shift attention away from enjoyment or make participation dependent on the prize. Supportive informative feedback can have a different effect. Evaluate how the reward is experienced and used instead of asserting that all external rewards are bad or that motivation guarantees improvement.
Motivation and reward context
Arousal
- Arousal is mental and physical activation/readiness. The inverted-U theory proposes improved performance from under-arousal to an optimum and poorer performance when arousal becomes excessive. The graph is a qualitative schematic, with no measured physiological scale or universal equation for athletes.
- The useful level can vary by person, skill, experience and context. Fine precision actions often serve as relatively lower-arousal GCSE examples and forceful gross actions as relatively higher ones, but both need control. A single sport includes many actions; the illustrative graph peak is not a universal middle value or a prescription.
Inverted-U model: qualitative schematic
Stress and anxiety
- Stress concerns the response to demands and how those demands are appraised. Anxiety involves apprehension: cognitive aspects include worry and negative thoughts, while somatic aspects include bodily feelings such as tension or a racing heart. Arousal itself is not identical to anxiety.
- Physical signs have several possible causes: exercise and heat can increase heart rate or sweating without anxiety. Ask about the performer’s experience and do not diagnose a psychological state from one visible sign. Normal pre-event activation does not necessarily need to be removed.
Distinguish related psychological terms
Stress management
- Imagery can use imagined visual, movement, sound and bodily information; mental rehearsal uses it or related representations to practise an action mentally. Comfortable breathing, relaxation, realistic helpful self-talk and selective attention to task cues can support preparation for some performers. These methods overlap rather than being wholly independent.
- Use a familiar routine, practise it and review the individual response rather than promising one guaranteed effect. Thought stopping is taught as a cue for redirecting attention, not erasing unwanted thoughts. Persistent or severe anxiety calls for appropriate qualified support; not responding to a technique is not a personal failure.
A preparation method needs individual review
Personality
- Introversion and extraversion describe tendencies in response to stimulation and social contexts in a simplified school model. The model associates introversion with quieter settings and extraversion with greater social stimulation, but people vary across situations and are not defined by one label.
- Some GCSE explanations link these tendencies with activity preferences; treat those links as model tendencies rather than rules for selection. A quiet person can enjoy fast team sport, and a sociable person can enjoy precision skills. Personality does not determine ability, entitlement or potential to improve.
A personality model is not a selection rule
Aggression
- Assertion means firm, confident action within the rules without an intention to harm. Aggression involves harmful or intimidating intent. In common PE classifications, direct aggression targets another person, while indirect aggression is channelled through an object; establish intent and context rather than treating every powerful shot as aggression.
- Lawful contact is not automatically misconduct, and a high-arousal task still requires safe control and respect. Use the course definition when classifying examples and distinguish the observed action, intention and applicable rules. Sporting success does not excuse deliberate harm.
Forceful action and harmful intent differ
Worked fictional performance goal
- A fictional performer records 6 successes from 10 attempts under a defined practice protocol, then agrees a suitable target of 8 from 10 by a review date. This is a personal performance target, with a clear measure and period. It is an original teaching example, not a universal accuracy norm.
- A process cue, such as completing an agreed pre-attempt routine, guides the action. Repeat the protocol, gather more than one sample where useful and review the response. Outcomes can vary with practice conditions and other factors; a missed target should lead to reflection and adjustment rather than shame.
Fictional personal performance target
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Übungsfragen
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1.What is a goal?
Easy- Aa target to aim for
- Ban injury
- Ca diet
- Da rest
2.What does the S in SMART stand for?
Easy- Asimple
- Bspeed
- Cstrong
- Dspecific
3.In the AQA GCSE PE version of SMART, what does A stand for?
Easy- Aaerobic
- Baiming
- Caccepted
- Dactive
4.What does the T in SMART stand for?
Easy- Atraining
- Btime-bound
- Ctough
- Dtiring
5.What is an outcome goal?
Easy- Aa goal about the result such as winning
- Ba goal about technique
- Ca goal about personal best only
- Dno goal
6.What is a performance goal?
Easy- Awinning only
- Ba rest day
- Ca diet
- Da target for a personal performance standard, not a placing against others
7.What is a process goal?
Easy- Amoney
- Btrophies
- Ca goal about technique or actions
- Dwinning
8.What is intrinsic motivation?
Easy- Amotivation from praise only
- Bmotivation from enjoyment and satisfaction
- Cmotivation from trophies
- Dmotivation from money
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