Women's suffrage

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Lektionsnotizen

Women's Position in Edwardian Britain

Before 1832, a few women could vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership, but this was rare.
The Great Reform Act 1832 specified 'male persons', legally excluding women from voting in parliamentary elections.
Women lost the right to vote in local government elections under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.
Unmarried women ratepayers regained the right to vote in local elections through the Municipal Franchise Act 1869.
The Local Government Act 1894 confirmed and extended this right to some married women, making over 729,000 women eligible in England and Wales.
By 1900, more than one million women were registered to vote in local government elections in England.

Early Campaigns and Legal Milestones

After 1832, MP Henry Hunt argued that single women who paid taxes and owned sufficient property should be allowed to vote.
The Chartist Movement (from the late 1830s) had some supporters of female suffrage, but most female Chartists worked for universal male suffrage.
In 1867, Lilly Maxwell voted in a by-election because her name was mistakenly on the register; her vote was later declared illegal, but the case gave campaigners publicity.
Women's rights became more prominent in the 1850s, with feminist goals including the right to sue an ex-husband after divorce (1857) and for married women to own property (fully achieved in 1882).

The Suffragists: NUWSS

In 1872, the fight for women's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women's Suffrage.
The more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) was later formed.
The NUWSS was led by Millicent Fawcett.
Suffragists used peaceful, constitutional methods to campaign for women's right to vote.
The movement also gained momentum in Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

The Suffragettes: WSPU

In 1906, a militant campaign began with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).
The WSPU was led by Emmeline Pankhurst.
Suffragettes used more militant tactics than the suffragists, such as protests and civil disobedience.
The militant campaign aimed to draw attention to the demand for women's suffrage.

Government Response and Escalating Militancy

The government responded to suffragette militancy with harsh measures, including force-feeding of hunger-striking prisoners.
The 'Cat and Mouse' Act allowed the temporary release of hunger-striking suffragettes so they could recover, only to be re-arrested later.
Emily Davison became a famous suffragette after she died at the Epsom Derby in 1913.
These events increased public sympathy for the suffrage cause.

The Impact of the First World War

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of party politics, including the militant suffragette campaigns.
During the war, lobbying for women's suffrage continued quietly.
Women took on important roles in the war effort, which helped change attitudes towards women's suffrage.

The 1918 Representation of the People Act

In 1918, a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918.
It enfranchised all men over 21 and all women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications.
This act was the first to include almost all adult men in the political system and began the inclusion of women.
It extended the franchise by 5.6 million men and 8.4 million women.

The 1928 Equal Franchise Act

In 1928, the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928.
This act equalised the franchise, giving all persons, male and female, over the age of 21 the right to vote.
It completed the process begun in 1918, establishing universal adult suffrage in the United Kingdom.

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Übungsfragen

Gratis-Vorschau — 8 von 40 Fragen. Registriere dich, um alle zu sehen.

1.In which year did women in the UK first gain the right to vote in parliamentary elections, when the Representation of the People Act was passed?
Easy
- A1914
- B1918
- C1928
- D1906
2.Which act equalised the voting age for men and women, giving all persons over 21 the right to vote?
Easy
- ARepresentation of the People Act 1918
- BRepresentation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
- CMunicipal Franchise Act 1869
- DReform Act 1832
3.Which group was formed in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst and used militant methods to campaign for women's suffrage?
Medium
- ANational Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)
- BWomen's Social and Political Union (WSPU)
- CKensington Society
- DNational Society for Women's Suffrage
4.Who led the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), the suffragist organisation that campaigned peacefully?
Easy
- AEmmeline Pankhurst
- BMillicent Fawcett
- CEmily Davison
- DLilly Maxwell
5.Why did the Representation of the People Act 1918 give the vote only to women over 30 who met property qualifications, rather than to all women over 21?
Medium
- ATo avoid women becoming a majority of the electorate
- BBecause women under 30 were not considered capable of voting
- CTo ensure that men outnumbered women in the electorate
- DBecause the House of Commons refused to give women the vote at all
6.What was the 'Cat and Mouse' Act?
Medium
- AA law that allowed the government to release hunger-striking suffragettes and then re-arrest them
- BA law that gave women the vote in local elections
- CA law that banned the WSPU
- DA law that allowed force-feeding of prisoners
7.Which suffragette died after she was struck by the King's horse at the Epsom Derby in 1913?
Medium
- AEmmeline Pankhurst
- BMillicent Fawcett
- CEmily Davison
- DLilly Maxwell
8.What effect did the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 have on the suffragette campaign?
Easy
- AIt led to the immediate granting of the vote to women
- BIt caused the militant suffragette campaigns to be suspended
- CIt caused the WSPU to increase its militant actions
- DIt had no effect on the campaign

Mehr Fragen

9.Which of the following was a method used by the suffragettes (WSPU) but not by the suffragists (NUWSS)?
Medium
- APeaceful protest marches
- BWriting letters to MPs
- CArson and window-smashing
- DPetitioning Parliament
10.Why did the First World War help the cause of women's suffrage?
Medium
- AWomen served in the armed forces and were given the vote as a reward
- BWomen took on men's jobs in industry and agriculture, proving their capability
- CThe government was forced to give women the vote to end the war
- DWomen were given the vote because they refused to work during the war
11.In 1832, which act specifically used the phrase 'male persons', thereby legally excluding women from voting in parliamentary elections?
Easy
- AThe Great Reform Act 1832
- BThe Municipal Corporations Act 1835
- CThe Municipal Franchise Act 1869
- DThe Local Government Act 1894
12.Who was the MP elected in 1865 who openly supported female suffrage and presented a petition for women's suffrage to Parliament?
Medium
- AHenry Hunt
- BJohn Stuart Mill
- CWilliam Lovett
- DLilly Maxwell
13.What was the name of the first ladies' discussion society, formed in 1865, that debated whether women should be involved in public affairs?
Medium
- AKensington Society
- BNational Society for Women's Suffrage
- CWomen's Social and Political Union
- DNational Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
14.Which act in 1869 gave unmarried women ratepayers the right to vote in local elections?
Easy
- AThe Municipal Franchise Act 1869
- BThe Local Government Act 1894
- CThe Representation of the People Act 1918
- DThe Great Reform Act 1832
15.Which act extended the local government vote to some married women, making over 729,000 women eligible to vote in local elections in England and Wales?
Medium
- AThe Municipal Franchise Act 1869
- BThe Local Government Act 1894
- CThe Representation of the People Act 1918
- DThe Municipal Corporations Act 1835
16.Who was the wealthy woman used as an example by the MP Henry Hunt after the 1832 Reform Act to argue that single, taxpaying women with property should be allowed to vote?
Medium
- AGrace Brown
- BMary Smith
- CLilly Maxwell
- DMillicent Fawcett
17.In 1867, which woman cast a vote in a by-election because her name had been mistakenly added to the electoral register, though her vote was later declared illegal?
Medium
- AGrace Brown
- BMary Smith
- CLilly Maxwell
- DEmily Davison
18.Which act in 1835 removed the right of women to vote in local government elections?
Medium
- AThe Municipal Corporations Act 1835
- BThe Great Reform Act 1832
- CThe Municipal Franchise Act 1869
- DThe Local Government Act 1894
19.Which of the following best describes the difference in methods between the suffragists and the suffragettes?
Medium
- ASuffragists used violence; suffragettes used peaceful protest
- BSuffragists used peaceful protest; suffragettes used militant action
- CBoth groups used only peaceful methods
- DBoth groups used only violent methods
20.What was the name of the organisation formed in 1872 that became a national movement for women's suffrage and was later known as the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)?
Medium
- AThe National Society for Women's Suffrage
- BThe Women's Social and Political Union
- CThe Kensington Society
- DThe Chartist Movement
21.In which year was the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) founded?
Easy
- A1865
- B1872
- C1903
- D1918
22.Which of the following was a consequence of the suffrage campaign during the First World War?
Medium
- AThe Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed
- BThe WSPU was banned
- CWomen were given the vote in 1914
- DThe NUWSS was disbanded
23.Which act in 1918 gave the vote to all men over 21 and to women over 30 who met property qualifications?
Medium
- ARepresentation of the People Act 1918
- BRepresentation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
- CMunicipal Franchise Act 1869
- DLocal Government Act 1894
24.How many women were added to the electorate by the Representation of the People Act 1918?
Medium
- A5.6 million
- B8.4 million
- C1 million
- D729,000
25.Which of the following was a method used by the suffragettes to protest?
Medium
- AHunger strikes
- BPeaceful marches
- CPetitions
- DLobbying quietly
26.Why did the government introduce the 'Cat and Mouse' Act in 1913?
Medium
- ATo give women the vote
- BTo deal with hunger-striking suffragettes who were being force-fed
- CTo ban the WSPU
- DTo allow women to join the army
27.Which suffragette was force-fed and wrote about her experiences, helping to publicise the campaign?
Medium
- AEmmeline Pankhurst
- BMillicent Fawcett
- CEmily Davison
- DLilly Maxwell
28.What was the main aim of the suffragists and suffragettes?
Medium
- ATo get the vote for women
- BTo get better working conditions for women
- CTo get the right to divorce
- DTo get the right to own property
29.Which of the following statements about the 1918 Representation of the People Act is correct?
Medium
- AIt gave all women over 21 the vote
- BIt gave women over 30 with property qualifications the vote
- CIt gave women the vote on the same terms as men
- DIt gave women the vote in local elections only
30.Which act in 1928 gave all women over 21 the right to vote?
Medium
- ARepresentation of the People Act 1918
- BRepresentation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
- CMunicipal Franchise Act 1869
- DLocal Government Act 1894
31.What was the nickname of the Act that allowed the temporary release of hunger-striking suffragettes?
Medium
- AThe Cat and Mouse Act
- BThe Suffragette Act
- CThe Force-Feeding Act
- DThe Prisoners' Act
32.Which of the following was a reason why some people opposed giving women the vote before 1914?
Medium
- AWomen were considered too emotional and not rational enough to vote
- BWomen were already allowed to vote in parliamentary elections
- CWomen did not want the vote
- DWomen were not affected by laws made by Parliament
33.What was the name of the peaceful suffragist organisation that campaigned for women's suffrage from 1897?
Medium
- ANational Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)
- BWomen's Social and Political Union (WSPU)
- CKensington Society
- DNational Society for Women's Suffrage
34.Which of the following was a militant action taken by the suffragettes?
Medium
- ASetting fire to buildings
- BOrganising peaceful marches
- CWriting to newspapers
- DCollecting signatures for petitions
35.How did the First World War affect the suffrage campaign?
Medium
- AIt caused the suffragettes to stop their militant campaign and support the war effort
- BIt caused the suffragettes to increase their militant campaign
- CIt had no effect on the campaign
- DIt led to women being given the vote immediately
36.Which act in 1832 extended the franchise to property-owning men and legally excluded women by specifying 'male persons'?
Medium
- AThe Great Reform Act 1832
- BThe Municipal Corporations Act 1835
- CThe Municipal Franchise Act 1869
- DThe Local Government Act 1894
37.Who was the leader of the WSPU?
Medium
- AMillicent Fawcett
- BEmmeline Pankhurst
- CEmily Davison
- DLilly Maxwell
38.Which of the following was a consequence of the suffrage campaign after 1918?
Medium
- AThe 1928 Equal Franchise Act gave all women over 21 the vote
- BWomen were given the vote in 1918 on the same terms as men
- CThe WSPU was banned
- DWomen lost the right to vote in local elections
39.What was the name of the act that gave unmarried women ratepayers the right to vote in local elections in 1869?
Medium
- AThe Municipal Franchise Act 1869
- BThe Local Government Act 1894
- CThe Representation of the People Act 1918
- DThe Great Reform Act 1832
40.Which of the following best explains why the suffragettes used militant tactics?
Medium
- AThey believed peaceful methods had failed to achieve results
- BThey wanted to start a revolution
- CThey were encouraged by the government
- DThey wanted to help the war effort

Lernnotizen

## Women's Suffrage in the UK **Key dates and laws** - **1832 Reform Act**: extended the vote to property-owning men, legally excluding women. - **1869 Municipal Franchise Act**: gave unmarried women ratepayers the right to vote in local elections. - **1894 Local Government Act**: confirmed and extended this to some married women; over 729,000 women could vote locally in England and Wales. - **1918 Representation of the People Act**: all men over 21 could vote; women over 30 with property qualifications could vote. Added 5.6 million men and 8.4 million women to the electorate. - **1928 Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act**: equalised the franchise for all men and women over 21. **Suffragists vs Suffragettes** - **Suffragists** (NUWSS, led by Millicent Fawcett): peaceful, constitutional campaigning. - **Suffragettes** (WSPU, led by Emmeline Pankhurst): militant campaign from 1906, using direct action. **Government response** - Force-feeding of hunger-striking suffragettes. - **'Cat and Mouse' Act**: released ill prisoners, then re-arrested them when they recovered. **Emily Davison** - Suffragette who died after stepping in front of the King's horse at the 1913 Derby. **Impact of the First World War** - Militant campaigns suspended in 1914. - Women's war work helped shift opinion towards giving women the vote. **Key terms** - **Suffrage**: the right to vote. - **Franchise**: the right to vote. - **NUWSS**: National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. - **WSPU**: Women's Social and Political Union. - **Militant**: using confrontational or violent methods. - **Force-feeding**: feeding a hunger-striking prisoner against their will. - **'Cat and Mouse' Act**: law that allowed the release and re-arrest of hunger-striking suffragettes. **Remember**: The 1918 Act was the first to include almost all adult men and began the inclusion of women. The 1928 Act completed the process by equalising the franchise.

Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections.
Franchise: The right to vote.
Suffragists: Members of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), led by Millicent Fawcett, who campaigned peacefully for women's right to vote.
Suffragettes: Members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), led by Emmeline Pankhurst, who used militant methods to campaign for women's suffrage.
NUWSS: National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, a peaceful suffrage organisation.
WSPU: Women's Social and Political Union, a militant suffrage organisation formed in 1903.
Militant: Using confrontational or violent methods to achieve a political goal.
Force-feeding: The practice of feeding a person against their will, used on hunger-striking suffragettes in prison.
'Cat and Mouse' Act: A law that allowed the temporary release of hunger-striking suffragettes from prison, and their re-arrest when they recovered.
Representation of the People Act 1918: An Act that gave the vote to all men over 21 and women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications.
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928: An Act that gave all men and women over 21 the right to vote on equal terms.
Emily Davison: A suffragette who died after stepping in front of the King's horse at the 1913 Derby.

Karteikarten

What was the position of women in Edwardian Britain regarding the right to vote?

Women were legally excluded from voting in parliamentary elections. The 1832 Reform Act had specified 'male persons', and although some women had previously voted through property ownership, this was rare.

What was the NUWSS and who led it?

The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) was a suffragist organisation led by Millicent Fawcett. It campaigned peacefully for women's right to vote.

What does 'suffragist' mean?

A suffragist was a member of a women's suffrage organisation, like the NUWSS, that used peaceful, constitutional methods to campaign for the vote.

What was the WSPU and who led it?

The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was a militant suffragette organisation founded in 1903 and led by Emmeline Pankhurst. It used direct action to demand votes for women.

What does 'suffragette' mean?

A suffragette was a member of the WSPU, known for its militant tactics such as protests, window-smashing and hunger strikes, to campaign for women's suffrage.

What methods did the suffragettes use?

The suffragettes used militant methods including protests, breaking windows, arson, and hunger strikes. These actions aimed to gain publicity and pressure the government.

How did the government respond to suffragette hunger strikes?

The government force-fed imprisoned suffragettes who were on hunger strike. This involved inserting a tube into the nose or mouth to feed them, which was painful and dangerous.

What was the 'Cat and Mouse' Act?

The 'Cat and Mouse' Act (1913) allowed the temporary release of suffragette prisoners on hunger strike so they could recover, then be re-arrested. This avoided force-feeding but weakened their protests.

Who was Emily Davison and what did she do?

Emily Davison was a suffragette who died in 1913 after she was struck by the King's horse at the Epsom Derby. She was protesting for women's right to vote.

What was the impact of the First World War on the suffrage campaign?

The First World War led to a suspension of militant suffragette campaigns. Women took on important roles in the war effort, which helped shift public opinion in favour of giving women the vote.

What did the Representation of the People Act 1918 do?

It gave the vote to all men over 21 and to women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. It added 5.6 million men and 8.4 million women to the electorate.

What did the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 do?

It gave the vote to all men and women over the age of 21, equalising the franchise. This was passed by the Conservative government.

When did women first get the right to vote in parliamentary elections in the UK?

Women first got the right to vote in parliamentary elections in 1918, but only women over 30 who met property qualifications. Full equality came in 1928.

What was the significance of the 1832 Reform Act for women's suffrage?

The 1832 Reform Act extended the vote to more property-owning men but explicitly excluded women by specifying 'male persons'. This legally barred women from voting in parliamentary elections.

What was the Kensington Society?

The Kensington Society was the first ladies' discussion society, formed in 1865. It debated whether women should be involved in public affairs, including the vote.

Who was John Stuart Mill and what was his role in women's suffrage?

John Stuart Mill was an MP elected in 1865 who openly supported female suffrage. He campaigned for women's right to vote in Parliament.

What was the National Society for Women's Suffrage?

Formed in 1872, it was an early national organisation campaigning for women's suffrage. It later became part of the more influential NUWSS.

What was the 'Cat and Mouse' Act designed to prevent?

It was designed to prevent the force-feeding of suffragette prisoners on hunger strike by allowing their temporary release and re-arrest.

When did the militant suffragette campaign begin?

The militant campaign began in 1906 with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).

What was the role of women in local government elections before 1918?

Unmarried women ratepayers gained the right to vote in local elections in 1869. By 1900, over one million women were registered to vote in local government elections in England.

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