Culture, society and identity

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Apuntes de la lección Diapositivas Preguntas de práctica

Apuntes de la lección

Separate society and culture

Society refers to organised social relationships and institutions; culture to learned meanings, practices and objects used in social life. A society can contain many cultural traditions, with variation within any named group.
Material culture includes human-made objects such as a sign or a phone; nonmaterial culture includes meanings, expectations and values. A speed-limit sign is cultural both as an object and through its learned symbolic meaning.

Recognise material and nonmaterial culture

Distinguish value, belief, norm and custom

A value is a principle about what matters; a belief a claim held to be true; a norm a behavioural expectation; a custom an established practice. They can overlap in everyday life without being identical concepts.
Original shop example: the group values fairness and expects customers to wait their turn. That expectation is the norm. A belief that queueing treats customers fairly may support it, while actual behaviour may fall short of the ideal.

Distinguish linked concepts

Distinguish status and role

A status is a social position; a role the expectations associated with it. Ascribed status is assigned rather than acquired, sometimes at birth and sometimes later; achieved status is acquired through activity, decisions or accomplishment.
Being a class representative is an acquired position in the fictional example; listening to classmates is part of its expected role. The term achieved does not imply equal access to opportunities or that every outcome results only from personal effort.

Separate position and expectation

Compare subculture, counterculture and dominance

A subculture has distinctive practices within a wider society and can share many of its values. A counterculture actively challenges important dominant norms or values; difference alone is not opposition.
Dominant culture concerns institutional influence over what is treated as normal or legitimate, rather than numerical size alone. These descriptions are analytical concepts, not judgements that one culture is inherently superior.

Distinguish difference and opposition

Understand multiple identities

Social identity concerns self-understanding through affiliations and positions, together with how others identify or respond to a person. A student can also identify with a team, region, family, language or other groups.
These affiliations need not be equally important in every setting or fixed for life. Categories such as gender, age, class, disability or religion can matter differently to different people; appearance cannot establish someone’s self-identification.

One person, several affiliations

Separate ethnicity, national identity and legal status

Ethnicity is self-identification linked to shared/perceived heritage, which may involve ancestry, culture, language or religion. A category does not establish identical behaviour or a fixed biological type.
National identity is a felt connection to one or more nations; legal nationality/citizenship is a separate legal relationship. Neither should simply be substituted for ethnic group, birthplace or a person’s own account of belonging.

Keep identity concepts distinct

Explain change without assuming uniform effects

Global contact, technology, migration and institutional change can introduce new meanings or reinforce existing attachments. People may combine practices, retain traditions or challenge expectations; no one response follows automatically.
A fictional learner meets an unfamiliar greeting at a new school. A misunderstanding could arise from different expectations and be clarified through conversation; the example does not claim migrants necessarily lose identity or enter conflict.

Interpret the fictional greeting case

Analyse online presentation and stereotypes

People can choose aspects of an online presentation and respond to audiences, while platform rules, access and existing power relations constrain choices. A profile gives selected evidence rather than the whole person.
A stereotype assigns simplified group traits without examining individual variation. A claim about everyone in a group needs evidence and can obscure differences even when intended as praise; do not infer identity from clothing or a picture.

Evaluate an identity claim

Apply the concepts to one fictional group

Original case: a school music club values cooperation, expects members to take turns, uses a shared badge and elects a coordinator. The value, norm, material symbol and acquired position can be distinguished in one account.
The coordinator’s role includes organising rehearsals. Club members can share this activity while having many other affiliations, and the case does not establish any member’s nationality, ethnicity, religion or home circumstances.

Apply concepts to the original music club

Diapositivas

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Preguntas de práctica

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1.What is culture?
Easy
- Alearned, shared meanings, practices and material objects associated with social life
- Ba type of art only
- Ca language only
- Da law
2.What is a value?
Easy
- Aa rule
- Ba law
- Ca custom
- Dan ideal or principle about what is important or desirable
3.What is a norm?
Easy
- Aa law only
- Ba food
- Ca socially expected pattern or rule of behaviour in a context
- Da belief
4.What is a role?
Easy
- Aa food
- Bexpected behaviour linked to a position
- Ca belief
- Da rule
5.What is social identity?
Easy
- Ahow people see themselves in relation to groups
- Ba legal document
- Ca tax
- Da bank
6.What is ascribed status?
Easy
- Astatus earned
- Bstatus bought
- Cstatus elected
- Da social position assigned rather than gained through personal choice or accomplishment
7.What is achieved status?
Easy
- Astatus inherited
- Bstatus unchanged
- Ca social position acquired through activity, decisions or accomplishment
- Dstatus given at birth
8.What is a subculture?
Easy
- Aa language
- Ba group with distinctive cultural practices within a wider society
- Cthe dominant culture
- Da whole country

Más preguntas

9.What is a multicultural society?
Easy
- Aa society containing varied cultural traditions and practices
- Bone culture only
- Cno culture
- Done religion only
10.What is a custom?
Easy
- Aa law
- Ba tax
- Ca belief
- Da traditional way of doing things
11.What is a belief?
Easy
- Aa norm
- Ba law
- Csomething accepted as true
- Da tax
12.Which is an example of a value?
Medium
- Awearing a uniform
- Bthe stated principle that others deserve respect
- Cshaking hands
- Dqueueing
13.At a fictional shop, customers are expected to wait their turn. Which item describes that norm rather than a general value?
Medium
- Athe expectation that customers join the queue and wait their turn
- Bhonesty as a belief
- Cequality as a belief
- Dfreedom as a belief
14.Why can expectations about behaviour vary across contexts and societies?
Medium
- Anorms are universal
- Bnorms never change
- Cno reason
- Dsocial histories, institutions and interpretations can differ, including within one society
15.How can globalisation affect identity?
Medium
- Ait fixes identity
- Bno effect
- Ccross-border contact can introduce new identifications, reinforce others or produce mixed forms
- Dit removes identity
16.How can social media affect identity?
Medium
- Ait fixes identity
- Bpeople can present themselves and interact with audiences, within platform and social constraints
- Cit removes identity
- Dit has no effect
17.Which concept is national identity, distinguished from legal nationality/citizenship?
Medium
- Aa person’s sense of belonging or connection to one or more nations
- Ba religion
- Ca class
- Dan age
18.What is ethnicity?
Medium
- Aa skin tone only
- Ba religion only
- Can age
- Dself-identification and shared/perceived heritage, which can include culture, ancestry or language
19.Why can identity be described as multiple?
Medium
- Aidentity is fixed
- Bidentity is legal only
- Cpeople can identify with several groups and positions in different contexts
- Dpeople have one identity
20.Why might values change over time?
Medium
- Ano reason
- Binstitutions, technology, debate and social relationships can reshape what people consider important
- Cthey never change
- Dthey are fixed by law
21.In a fictional new school, a learner meets unfamiliar greeting expectations. What could explain a misunderstanding without assuming all migrants experience conflict?
Medium
- Aparticipants interpret a greeting differently and have not yet clarified their expectations
- Bnorms are identical
- Cthere is no change
- Dthey lose identity
22.What distinguishes a counterculture from a subculture that has a distinctive style but does not necessarily oppose wider values?
Medium
- Ato copy others
- Bto obey all norms
- Cto avoid style
- Dit actively challenges important values or norms of the dominant culture
23.What is the dominant culture?
Easy
- Aa minority
- Ba custom
- Ccultural meanings or practices with powerful institutional influence, not necessarily the numerical majority
- Da subculture
24.What is cultural diversity?
Easy
- Ano variety
- Bvariety of cultures within society
- Cone culture
- Dno culture
25.What is socialisation?
Medium
- Alearning and negotiating social meanings, expectations and roles through interaction
- Bleaving society
- Cignoring norms
- Dbreaking norms
26.What is a stereotype?
Medium
- Aa fact
- Ba law
- Ca custom
- Da simplified generalisation that overlooks variation within a group
27.Norms are rules about behaviour.
Easy
True or false?
28.Values are ideals or principles about what people consider important.
Easy
True or false?
29.An achieved status is, by definition, a position assigned at birth rather than acquired through action.
Easy
True or false?
30.A person can have more than one social identity.
Easy
True or false?
31.Culture never changes.
Medium
True or false?
32.Which supplied examples are human-created cultural elements, as distinct from an unmodified natural process?
Medium
- Aa norm of waiting one’s turn
- Ba value of fairness
- Cshared beliefs about what is true
- Da speed-limit sign with a learned public meaning
- Ethe Earth’s gravitational attraction considered as a physical process
33.Which supplied social positions or affiliations can be relevant to social identity, without determining every individual’s identity in the same way?
Medium
- Agender
- Bethnicity
- Cage
- Dsocial class
- Ea laboratory measurement of wavelength considered only as a physical quantity
34.Explain the difference between norms and values, using an example of each.
Medium

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