Database creation, forms and queries

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Apuntes de la lección

Database Management Systems 數據庫管理系統

A database is an organised collection of related data. A Database Management System (DBMS) is software used to create, maintain, query and report on a database, e.g. Microsoft Access, LibreOffice Base, MySQL.
數據庫是有組織的相關數據集合。數據庫管理系統（DBMS）是用來建立、維護、查詢及製作報告的軟件，例如 Microsoft Access、LibreOffice Base、MySQL。
Compared with separate files or spreadsheets, a DBMS reduces data redundancy (repeated data), keeps data consistent, controls access rights and lets many users share data.
與獨立檔案或試算表比較，數據庫管理系統可減少數據冗餘（重複的數據）、保持數據一致、控制存取權限，並讓多名使用者共用數據。
A DBMS also makes it easy to search and sort large amounts of data with queries.
數據庫管理系統亦可透過查詢輕易地搜尋及排序大量數據。

Designing a table 設計資料表

Each table stores one kind of thing, e.g. Student. Each field has a name, a data type and a size; each row is a record.
每個資料表儲存一類事物，例如學生。每個欄位有名稱、數據類型及大小；每一列是一個記錄。
Common data types: Text (name, phone number), Number (integer or real, e.g. mark), Date/Time (date of birth), Boolean / Yes-No (has paid?), Currency (fee), AutoNumber (ID made automatically).
常用數據類型：文字（姓名、電話號碼）、數字（整數或實數，例如分數）、日期／時間（出生日期）、布爾／是否（是否已付款？）、貨幣（費用）、自動編號（自動產生的編號）。
Choose a primary key whose value is unique for every record, e.g. StudentID.
選擇一個主鍵，其值對每個記錄都獨一無二，例如學生編號。
Field properties help control data: validation rule (e.g. Mark between 0 and 100), input mask (e.g. a fixed pattern for a phone number), default value, required.
欄位屬性有助控制數據：有效性規則（例如分數介乎 0 至 100）、輸入遮罩（例如電話號碼的固定格式）、預設值、必填。

Maintaining a database 維護數據庫

Add new records (e.g. a new student joins), edit records (a change of address) and delete records (a student leaves).
新增記錄（例如新生入學）、編輯記錄（更改地址）及刪除記錄（學生離校）。
The structure can also be modified: add a field, change a field's size or data type.
亦可修改結構：新增欄位、更改欄位大小或數據類型。
Changing a data type (e.g. Text to Number) may lose data that does not fit, so back up first.
更改數據類型（例如由文字改為數字）可能令不符合的數據遺失，所以應先備份。

Designing a data entry form 設計數據輸入表單

A form shows one record at a time in a user-friendly layout, so users can enter data quickly and accurately without seeing the whole table.
表單以方便使用的版面每次顯示一個記錄，讓使用者快速準確地輸入數據，而無須看見整個資料表。
Use suitable controls: text box (name), drop-down list / combo box (class), option buttons (one choice, e.g. sex), check box (yes/no), date picker (date).
使用合適的控制項：文字方塊（姓名）、下拉式清單／組合方塊（班別）、選項按鈕（單一選擇，例如性別）、核取方塊（是／否）、日期選擇器（日期）。
Good form design: a clear title, clear labels, fields in a logical order (same as the paper form), instructions and examples, consistent fonts and colours, not too crowded.
良好的表單設計：清楚的標題、清楚的標籤、欄位按合理次序排列（與紙本表格相同）、提供指示及例子、字型和顏色一致、不要太擠擁。
Forms support data control: drop-down lists allow only valid values; validation rules and error messages reject unreasonable data.
表單有助數據控制：下拉式清單只容許有效值；有效性規則及錯誤訊息會拒絕不合理的數據。

Queries 查詢

A query extracts data from a table: it can select the fields to show, filter records with criteria and sort the results.
查詢從資料表中提取數據：可選取要顯示的欄位、以條件篩選記錄，並把結果排序。
Criteria use relational operators (\texttt{=} \texttt{<>} \texttt{>} \texttt{<} \texttt{≥} \texttt{≤}) and logical operators (\texttt{AND} \texttt{OR} \texttt{NOT}).
條件使用關係運算符（\texttt{=} \texttt{<>} \texttt{>} \texttt{<} \texttt{≥} \texttt{≤}）及邏輯運算符（\texttt{AND} \texttt{OR} \texttt{NOT}）。
A query can also add a calculated field, e.g. Total from Test1 plus Test2.
查詢亦可加入計算欄位，例如由測驗一加測驗二得出總分。
The results are a view of the data; running the query again shows the latest data.
查詢結果是數據的檢視；再次執行查詢會顯示最新數據。

Reading simple SQL 閱讀簡單的 SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language for querying databases.
SQL（結構化查詢語言）是查詢數據庫的標準語言。
\texttt{SELECT} lists the fields (\texttt{×} means all fields); \texttt{FROM} names the table; \texttt{WHERE} gives the condition; \texttt{ORDER BY} sorts (\texttt{ASC} ascending is the default, \texttt{DESC} descending).
\texttt{SELECT} 列出欄位（\texttt{×} 代表所有欄位）；\texttt{FROM} 指明資料表；\texttt{WHERE} 給出條件；\texttt{ORDER BY} 排序（預設是 \texttt{ASC} 遞增，\texttt{DESC} 為遞減）。
Example: \texttt{SELECT Name, Mark} \texttt{FROM Student} \texttt{WHERE Class = '4A' AND Mark ≥ 50} \texttt{ORDER BY Mark DESC} lists 4A students who passed, highest mark first.
例子：\texttt{SELECT Name, Mark} \texttt{FROM Student} \texttt{WHERE Class = '4A' AND Mark ≥ 50} \texttt{ORDER BY Mark DESC} 列出 4A 班合格的學生，分數最高者排先。
Text values go in quotes (\texttt{'4A'}); numbers do not (\texttt{50}). \texttt{LIKE 'Ch\%'} matches text starting with Ch; \texttt{BETWEEN 50 AND 70} includes both 50 and 70.
文字值要加引號（\texttt{'4A'}），數字則不用（\texttt{50}）。\texttt{LIKE 'Ch\%'} 配對以 Ch 開頭的文字；\texttt{BETWEEN 50 AND 70} 包括 50 和 70。
To trace a query: go through each record, keep it if the \texttt{WHERE} condition is true, then show the \texttt{SELECT} fields in \texttt{ORDER BY} order.
追蹤查詢的方法：逐一檢查每個記錄，若 \texttt{WHERE} 條件成立便保留，然後按 \texttt{ORDER BY} 次序顯示 \texttt{SELECT} 的欄位。

Reports 報告

A report presents data from a table or query in a formatted, printable layout for an intended audience.
報告以經格式化、可列印的版面，為目標讀者展示資料表或查詢中的數據。
Features: title, date, column headings, grouping (e.g. by class), sorting, summary values (count, total, average), page numbers.
特點：標題、日期、欄標題、分組（例如按班別）、排序、摘要數值（數目、總和、平均值）、頁碼。
Match the report to its audience: a parent needs only their child's results; the principal needs a summary of every class.
報告要配合讀者：家長只需要子女的成績；校長則需要各班的摘要。
Protect privacy: include only the fields the audience needs.
保護私隱：只包括讀者所需的欄位。

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Preguntas de práctica

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1.What is a Database Management System (DBMS)? 甚麼是數據庫管理系統（DBMS）？
Easy
- ASoftware used to create, maintain and query databases 用來建立、維護及查詢數據庫的軟件
- BA hardware device that stores data 儲存數據的硬件裝置
- CA single table of data 單一的數據資料表
- DA network that links computers 連接電腦的網絡
2.Which of the following are advantages of using a DBMS rather than separate spreadsheet files? (Select all that apply) 以下哪些是使用數據庫管理系統而非獨立試算表檔案的優點？（選出所有正確答案）
Medium
- ALess data redundancy 較少數據冗餘
- BBetter control of access rights 更好地控制存取權限
- CNo need for any backup 完全不需要備份
- DData can be shared by many users 數據可供多名使用者共用
3.Match each field with its MOST suitable data type. 把每個欄位配對最合適的數據類型。
Easy
- Date of birth 出生日期
- Monthly fee 每月費用
- Has library card? 有沒有圖書證？
- Surname 姓氏
- Date/Time 日期／時間
- Currency 貨幣
- Boolean (Yes/No) 布爾（是／否）
- Text 文字
4.Which field is the MOST suitable primary key for a table of library books? 以下哪個欄位最適合作為圖書館書籍資料表的主鍵？
Easy
- ATitle 書名
- BBook ID 書籍編號
- CAuthor 作者
- DYear published 出版年份
5.A mobile phone number should be stored as a Number field so it takes less space. 手提電話號碼應以數字欄位儲存以節省空間。
Easy
True or false?
6.A field property rejects a mark unless it is between 0 and 100. What is this property called? 某欄位屬性會拒絕不在 0 至 100 之間的分數。這個屬性稱為甚麼？
Easy
- ADefault value 預設值
- BPrimary key 主鍵
- CValidation rule 有效性規則
- DField size 欄位大小
7.A student leaves the school. Which database operation should be performed on the student's record? 一名學生離校。應對該學生的記錄進行哪項數據庫操作？
Easy
- AAdd 新增
- BSort 排序
- CChange the primary key of every record 更改每個記錄的主鍵
- DDelete (or archive) 刪除（或存檔）
8.Changing a field's data type from Text to Number may cause some existing data to be lost. 把欄位的數據類型由文字改為數字，可能令部分現有數據遺失。
Medium
True or false?

Más preguntas

9.What is the main purpose of a data entry form? 數據輸入表單的主要目的是甚麼？
Easy
- ATo let users enter data quickly and accurately in a user-friendly layout 讓使用者以方便的版面快速準確地輸入數據
- BTo print summaries for managers 為管理人員列印摘要
- CTo permanently delete records 永久刪除記錄
- DTo store the data on disk 把數據儲存在磁碟上
10.Match each form item with the MOST suitable control. 把每個表單項目配對最合適的控制項。
Medium
- Class (4A–4E) 班別（4A–4E）
- Sex (M/F) 性別（男／女）
- Agrees to the photo policy? 是否同意拍照政策？
- Full name 全名
- Drop-down list 下拉式清單
- Option buttons 選項按鈕
- Check box 核取方塊
- Text box 文字方塊
11.Which of the following are features of a well-designed data entry form? (Select all that apply) 以下哪些是設計良好的數據輸入表單的特點？（選出所有正確答案）
Easy
- AFields in the same order as the paper form 欄位次序與紙本表格相同
- BClear labels and instructions 清楚的標籤及指示
- CMany different fonts and flashing text 多種字型及閃爍文字
- DError messages when invalid data is entered 輸入無效數據時顯示錯誤訊息
12.Why does a drop-down list on a form help improve data accuracy? 為何表單上的下拉式清單有助提高數據準確性？
Easy
- AIt makes the database smaller 它令數據庫變小
- BUsers can only choose from valid values 使用者只能從有效值中選擇
- CIt encrypts the data 它把數據加密
- DIt removes the need for a primary key 它令主鍵變得不必要
13.In SQL, which keyword is used to give the condition that records must meet? 在 SQL 中，哪個關鍵字用來給出記錄必須符合的條件？
Easy
- A\texttt{SELECT}
- B\texttt{FROM}
- C\texttt{WHERE}
- D\texttt{ORDER BY}
14.
How many records does this SQL statement return from the Student table? 這條 SQL 語句會從 Student 資料表傳回多少個記錄？
\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Class = '4A'}
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Easy
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D5
15.
What is the FIRST row of the result of this SQL statement on the Student table? 以下 SQL 語句在 Student 資料表上的結果，第一列是甚麼？
\texttt{SELECT Name, Mark FROM Student}
\texttt{WHERE Mark ≥ 60 ORDER BY Mark DESC}
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Medium
- AChan Tai Man, 78
- BWong Ka Ho, 62
- CLee Mei, 45
- DHo Siu Ling, 91
16.
Which students are returned by this SQL statement on the Student table? 以下 SQL 語句在 Student 資料表上會傳回哪些學生？
\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student}
\texttt{WHERE Class = '4B' AND Mark > 50}
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Medium
- ACheung Wai only 只有 Cheung Wai
- BLee Mei only 只有 Lee Mei
- CLee Mei and Cheung Wai Lee Mei 和 Cheung Wai
- DChan Tai Man, Wong Ka Ho, Ho Siu Ling and Cheung Wai Chan Tai Man、Wong Ka Ho、Ho Siu Ling 和 Cheung Wai
17.
How many records does this SQL statement return from the Student table? 這條 SQL 語句會從 Student 資料表傳回多少個記錄？
\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student}
\texttt{WHERE Class = '4B' OR Mark > 80}
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Medium
18.
Which students are returned by this SQL statement on the Student table? 以下 SQL 語句在 Student 資料表上會傳回哪些學生？
\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE 'Ch\%'}
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Medium
- AChan Tai Man only 只有 Chan Tai Man
- BChan Tai Man and Cheung Wai Chan Tai Man 和 Cheung Wai
- CHo Siu Ling only 只有 Ho Siu Ling
- DNo students 沒有學生
19.
How many records does this SQL statement return from the Student table? 這條 SQL 語句會從 Student 資料表傳回多少個記錄？
\texttt{SELECT×FROM Student WHERE Mark BETWEEN 55 AND 78}
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Medium
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
20.Which SQL statement lists ALL fields of the female students, in alphabetical order of name? 哪條 SQL 語句可按姓名字母次序列出所有女學生的全部欄位？
Medium
- A\texttt{SELECT×FROM Student ORDER BY Sex = 'F'}
- B\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Sex = 'F'}
- C\texttt{SELECT×FROM Student WHERE Sex = 'F' ORDER BY Name}
- D\texttt{SELECT×FROM Student WHERE Sex = F ORDER BY Name DESC}
21.Which of the following is a syntax error in SQL? 以下哪項是 SQL 的語法錯誤？
Medium
- A\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student}
- B\texttt{SELECT Name, Mark FROM Student WHERE Mark > 50}
- C\texttt{SELECT×FROM Student ORDER BY Mark}
- D\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Class = 4A}
22.In SQL, ORDER BY Mark sorts the marks in ascending order if neither ASC nor DESC is given. 在 SQL 中，若沒有指明 ASC 或 DESC，ORDER BY Mark 會把分數遞增排序。
Easy
True or false?
23.
Which SQL statement gives the list of students who FAILED (mark below 50) on the Student table? 哪條 SQL 語句可在 Student 資料表列出不合格（分數低於 50）的學生？
StuID Name Class Sex Mark
S01 Chan Tai Man 4A M 78
S02 Lee Mei 4B F 45
S03 Wong Ka Ho 4A M 62
S04 Ho Siu Ling 4C F 91
S05 Cheung Wai 4B M 55
Medium
- A\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Mark < 50}
- B\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Mark ≤ 50 ORDER BY Name}
- C\texttt{SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Mark > 50}
- D\texttt{SELECT Mark FROM Name WHERE Student < 50}
24.A query that uses AND between two conditions usually returns the same number of records as, or fewer records than, a query using only one of them. 在兩個條件之間使用 AND 的查詢，傳回的記錄數目通常與只用其中一個條件的查詢相同或更少。
Medium
True or false?
25.A school clerk types a new student's date of birth as \texttt{31/02/2010}. Which DBMS feature would MOST likely reject it? 學校文員把新生的出生日期輸入為 \texttt{31/02/2010}。哪個數據庫管理系統功能最有可能拒絕它？
Medium
- AThe report layout 報告版面
- BThe Date/Time data type 日期／時間數據類型
- CORDER BY in a query 查詢中的 ORDER BY
- DThe primary key 主鍵
26.Put the clauses of an SQL query in the correct order. 把 SQL 查詢的子句按正確次序排列。
Easy
- \texttt{SELECT Name, Mark}
- \texttt{FROM Student}
- \texttt{WHERE Mark ≥ 50}
- \texttt{ORDER BY Mark DESC}
27.A query shows each student's Name and a new column Total calculated from Test1 plus Test2. What is Total called? 查詢顯示每位學生的姓名，以及由測驗一加測驗二計算出的新欄 Total。Total 稱為甚麼？
Medium
- AA primary key 主鍵
- BA validation rule 有效性規則
- CA calculated field 計算欄位
- DA form control 表單控制項
28.Which statements about queries are correct? (1) A query can sort records. (2) A query can show only some of the fields. (3) Running a query permanently deletes the records that are not shown. 以下哪些關於查詢的陳述是正確的？(1) 查詢可以排序記錄。(2) 查詢可以只顯示部分欄位。(3) 執行查詢會永久刪除未被顯示的記錄。
Medium
- A(1) only 只有 (1)
- B(1) and (2) only 只有 (1) 和 (2)
- C(2) and (3) only 只有 (2) 和 (3)
- D(1), (2) and (3) (1)、(2) 和 (3)
29.A class teacher wants to send each parent a report of their own child's results. Which is the BEST design? 班主任想向每位家長發送其子女成績的報告。哪個設計最好？
Medium
- AOne report listing all students' results and addresses 一份列出全班成績及地址的報告
- BA pie chart of the whole school's results 全校成績的圓形圖
- CThe raw database table 原始數據庫資料表
- DA separate report for each student showing only that student's results 每位學生一份只顯示該生成績的報告
30.Which of the following are common features of a database report? (Select all that apply) 以下哪些是數據庫報告的常見特點？（選出所有正確答案）
Easy
- ATitle and date 標題及日期
- BGrouping and sorting 分組及排序
- CSummary values such as totals 總和等摘要數值
- DDrop-down lists for data entry 用作輸入數據的下拉式清單
31.Match each DBMS object with its main job. 把每個數據庫管理系統物件配對其主要功能。
Easy
- Table 資料表
- Form 表單
- Query 查詢
- Report 報告
- Stores the data 儲存數據
- Enters and edits data 輸入及編輯數據
- Extracts selected data 提取所選數據
- Presents formatted output 展示已格式化的輸出
32.Complete the SQL keyword. 完成 SQL 關鍵字。
Easy
In SQL, the keyword ____ names the table that the data comes from.
33.Name the field that uniquely identifies each record in a table. 說出能唯一識別資料表中每個記錄的欄位名稱。
Easy
34.A school stores student data in a DBMS. Which user should be allowed to change students' marks? 學校以數據庫管理系統儲存學生數據。哪位使用者應獲准更改學生分數？
Easy
- AThe subject teacher 科任老師
- BAny student 任何學生
- CAny parent 任何家長
- DVisitors to the school website 學校網站的訪客

Apuntes de repaso

## DBMS 數據庫管理系統 - Create, maintain, query and report; less redundancy, consistency, access control, sharing. 建立、維護、查詢、報告；減少冗餘、一致、存取控制、共用。 ## Tables 資料表 - Fields with name, data type, size; records; primary key. 欄位有名稱、數據類型、大小；記錄；主鍵。 - Types: Text, Number, Date/Time, Boolean, Currency, AutoNumber. 類型：文字、數字、日期／時間、布爾、貨幣、自動編號。 - Validation rule, input mask, default value, required. 有效性規則、輸入遮罩、預設值、必填。 ## Forms 表單 - One record at a time; title, labels, logical order, instructions; drop-down list, option buttons, check box. 每次一個記錄；標題、標籤、合理次序、指示；下拉式清單、選項按鈕、核取方塊。 ## Queries and SQL 查詢與 SQL - Select fields, filter with criteria, sort. 選取欄位、以條件篩選、排序。 - SELECT … FROM … WHERE … ORDER BY … (ASC default, DESC). 預設 ASC 遞增，DESC 遞減。 - Text in quotes; LIKE 'Ch%'; BETWEEN includes both ends. 文字加引號；LIKE 'Ch%'；BETWEEN 包括兩端。 ## Reports 報告 - Formatted output for an audience: title, grouping, sorting, totals; only needed fields. 為讀者而設的格式化輸出：標題、分組、排序、總和；只含所需欄位。

DBMS 數據庫管理系統: Software to create, maintain, query and report on databases. 建立、維護、查詢數據庫及製作報告的軟件。
Data redundancy 數據冗餘: The same data stored more than once. 同一數據被儲存多於一次。
Primary key 主鍵: A field whose value uniquely identifies each record. 其值能唯一識別每個記錄的欄位。
Data type 數據類型: The kind of data a field holds, e.g. Text, Number, Date/Time. 欄位所存數據的種類，例如文字、數字、日期／時間。
Validation rule 有效性規則: A field property that rejects unreasonable data. 拒絕不合理數據的欄位屬性。
Form 表單: A screen layout for entering and editing records one at a time. 逐一輸入及編輯記錄的畫面版面。
Query 查詢: A request that selects, filters and sorts data. 選取、篩選及排序數據的要求。
SQL 結構化查詢語言: The standard language for querying databases. 查詢數據庫的標準語言。
Calculated field 計算欄位: A query field worked out from other fields. 由其他欄位計算出來的查詢欄位。
Report 報告: Formatted output of data for an intended audience. 為目標讀者而設的格式化數據輸出。

Tarjetas

What is a DBMS? 甚麼是數據庫管理系統？

Software to create, maintain, query and report on databases. 建立、維護、查詢數據庫及製作報告的軟件。

Four DBMS objects and their jobs? 四種數據庫物件及其功能？

Table stores, form inputs, query extracts, report presents. 資料表儲存、表單輸入、查詢提取、報告展示。

Best data type for a phone number? 電話號碼最合適的數據類型？

Text. 文字。

What makes a good primary key? 怎樣才是良好的主鍵？

A unique value for every record, e.g. StudentID. 每個記錄都有獨一無二的值，例如學生編號。

Three features of a good form? 良好表單的三個特點？

Clear labels, logical order, controls such as drop-down lists that stop invalid data. 清楚的標籤、合理次序、能阻止無效數據的控制項如下拉式清單。

Order of SQL clauses? SQL 子句的次序？

SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY.

What does SELECT×mean? SELECT×是甚麼意思？

Select all fields. 選取所有欄位。

AND vs OR in WHERE? WHERE 中 AND 與 OR？

AND: all conditions true (fewer rows). OR: any condition true (more rows). AND：所有條件成立（較少列）；OR：任一條件成立（較多列）。

What does LIKE 'Ch%' match? LIKE 'Ch%' 配對甚麼？

Text starting with Ch. 以 Ch 開頭的文字。

Does BETWEEN 50 AND 70 include 70? BETWEEN 50 AND 70 包括 70 嗎？

Yes — both ends are included. 包括——兩端都包括在內。

Form vs report? 表單與報告？

Form is for input; report is for formatted output. 表單用作輸入；報告用作格式化輸出。

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