Organic formulae and functional groups

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Apuntes de la lección

Big idea: organic formulae and functional groups

Key concept: Relationships. A functional group is the atom or group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions. Homologous-series members share a functional group and show a pattern in their formulae.
Related concepts: Models and evidence. Use a scientific explanation to make predictions, then test it against observations.
Global context: Scientific and technical innovation. Functional groups guide the design and identification of useful organic compounds.

Organic Formulae

Organic compounds contain carbon (except metal carbonates, CO₂, CO).
Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Displayed formula shows the spatial arrangement of all atoms and bonds.
Structural formula shows only important bonds (e.g., C=C); identical groups may be bracketed.
Molecular formula gives the actual number of each atom in a compound.
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae (e.g., C₄H₁₀: butane and 2-methylpropane).

Structural isomers of C4H10

Homologous Series

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
The functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions.
Key functional groups: alkane (C–C), alkene (C=C), alcohol (–OH), carboxylic acid (–COOH), ester (–COO–).
General formulae: alkane CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, alkene CₙH₂ₙ, alcohol CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH, carboxylic acid CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH.
Members differ by CH₂ and show a gradation in physical properties (e.g., boiling point increases with chain length).
Example: ethanol (C₂H₅OH, b.p. 78°C) and propanol (C₃H₇OH, b.p. 97°C) are both alcohols with –OH group.

Displayed formulae of ethane, ethene, ethanol and ethanoic acid

Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds

Saturated compounds have only single C–C bonds (e.g., alkanes).
General formula for alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂; first three: methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈).
Unsaturated compounds contain at least one C=C double bond (e.g., alkenes).
General formula for alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ; first three: ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), butene (C₄H₈).
Mnemonic: Saturated = Single bonds; Unsaturated = doUble bonds.

Naming Organic Compounds

Name consists of a stem (number of C atoms) and suffix (functional group).
Stems: 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=pent, 6=hex.
Suffixes: -ane (alkane), -ene (alkene), -anol (alcohol), -anoic acid (carboxylic acid), -yl-anoate (ester).
For positional isomers, number the carbon chain to locate the functional group (e.g., propan-1-ol, but-2-ene).
For a simple monocarboxylic acid, number the chain from the carboxyl carbon, which is carbon 1.
Ester names: the alcohol part (alkyl) comes first, then the carboxylic acid part (alkanoate) – e.g., methyl ethanoate from methanol + ethanoic acid.

Key Functional Groups Table

Alkane: C–C, suffix -ane.
Alkene: C=C, suffix -ene.
Alcohol: –OH, suffix -anol.
Carboxylic acid: –COOH, suffix -anoic acid.
Ester: –COO–, suffix -yl-anoate.

Think like a scientist

Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns.
Comparison: the functional group in each structure. Outcome: the assigned organic family and expected reaction type.
Control: compare structures using the same naming rules. Explain why this makes the comparison fairer.
Evidence: Use a consistent method, repeated observations where appropriate and a table with labelled quantities and units. Keep unexpected results and investigate their cause.
Safety: Practical activities need teacher supervision and an appropriate risk assessment. Use the provided data or simulation where the investigation specifies it.
Inquiry task: State a testable question, predict the outcome using the science, then explain how your observations would support or challenge the prediction.

Evaluate the science

Functional groups guide the design and identification of useful organic compounds.
A molecular formula can describe more than one structure, so it may not uniquely identify a compound.
Evaluation task: Link your conclusion to evidence, identify a limitation and suggest a specific improvement. Distinguish a measured result from an explanation of its cause.

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Preguntas de práctica

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1.Which of the following formulae shows an alkane?
Easy
- AC2H4
- BC4H8
- CC4H10
- DC5H10
2.Which of the following is not a feature of a homologous series?
Easy
- ACompounds have the same functional group
- BCompounds have the same physical properties
- CCompounds have the same general formula
- DCompounds have similar chemical properties
3.What is the general formula of the alkenes?
Easy
- ACnH2n+2
- BCnH2n
- CCnH2n-2
- DCnH2n+1OH
4.What is the name of the compound with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH?
Easy
- APropan-1-ol
- BPropan-2-ol
- CButan-1-ol
- DButan-2-ol
5.Which of the following structures shows a compound that belongs to a different homologous series to octane?
Medium
- AA straight-chain hydrocarbon with all single bonds and 8 carbons
- BA hydrocarbon with 8 carbons and one double bond
- CA hydrocarbon with 8 carbons and all single bonds
- DA hydrocarbon with 8 carbons and only single bonds
6.Which of the following compounds is unsaturated?
Easy
- AC2H6
- BC3H8
- CC2H4
- DCH4
7.What is the name of the compound with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2COOH?
Easy
- AButanoic acid
- BPropanoic acid
- CButanol
- DButanone
8.Three statements about propane and propanol are listed below. 1. Propane and propanol belong to the same homologous series. 2. Propanol is a compound that contains three carbon atoms. 3. Propane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Which statements are correct?
Medium
- A1 and 2 only
- B1 and 3 only
- C2 only
- D3 only

Más preguntas

9.A compound has a chain of four carbon atoms with an -OH group on the second carbon. What is the name of this compound?
Medium
- AButan-1-ol
- BButan-2-ol
- CButan-3-ol
- DButanol
10.Which group of compounds is from a homologous series?
Medium
- ACH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH
- BC3H6, C3H8, C3H7OH
- CCH4, C2H4, C3H8
- DCH3CO2H, CH3CH2OH, HCO2H
11.W, X, Y and Z are the first four members of the carboxylic acid homologous series, but not necessarily in order. Their relative molecular masses are: W=60, X=88, Y=46, Z=74. Which sequence shows the substances in order of decreasing boiling point?
Hard
- AX → Z → W → Y
- BY → W → Z → X
- CW → X → Y → Z
- DZ → X → W → Y
12.Which of the following is the general formula for the carboxylic acid homologous series?
Easy
- AC_nH_2n+1COOH
- BC_nH_2nCOOH
- CC_nH_2n-1COOH
- DC_nH_2n+2COOH
13.Using the general formula for alkenes, what is the molecular formula of the alkene with 7 carbon atoms?
Easy
- AC₇H₁₄
- BC₇H₁₆
- CC₇H₁₂
- DC₇H₁₀
14.A compound has a chain of 4 carbon atoms with a double bond between the second and third carbon, and an -OH group on the first carbon. What is the name of this compound?
Hard
- Abut-2-en-1-ol
- Bbut-1-en-2-ol
- Cbut-2-en-3-ol
- Dbut-3-en-1-ol
15.A student tests an unknown hydrocarbon with bromine water. The bromine water decolourises. What can be concluded about the hydrocarbon?
Easy
- AIt is saturated.
- BIt is unsaturated.
- CIt is an alkane.
- DIt is a carboxylic acid.
16.Which of the following compounds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Easy
- AC₃H₈
- BC₄H₁₀
- CC₂H₄
- DC₅H₁₂
17.The boiling points of four alkanes are: methane (-162°C), ethane (-89°C), propane (-42°C), butane (-0.5°C). Which statement best explains the trend?
Medium
- ABoiling point decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases.
- BBoiling point increases as the number of carbon atoms increases due to stronger intermolecular forces.
- CBoiling point is not related to the number of carbon atoms.
- DBoiling point increases because the molecules become more polar.
18.Which of the following pairs of compounds are structural isomers?
Medium
- AButane and but-1-ene
- BPropan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
- CEthane and ethene
- DMethane and methanol
19.What is the functional group of an alcohol?
Easy
- A-COOH
- B-OH
- C-C=C-
- D-COO-
20.A compound has the molecular formula C₄H₈O₂. It reacts with sodium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas. To which homologous series does it belong?
Medium
- AAlcohol
- BCarboxylic acid
- CEster
- DAlkene
21.Which of the following is the correct displayed formula for butanoic acid?
Easy
- ACH3CH2CH2COOH
- BCH3CH2COOH
- CCH3CH2CH2CH2OH
- DCH3CH2CH2COOCH3
22.Which of the following is the general formula for alkanes?
Easy
- AC_nH_2n+2
- BC_nH_2n
- CC_nH_2n+1OH
- DC_nH_2n+1COOH
23.Which of the following compounds is a hydrocarbon?
Easy
- AC2H6
- BCH3OH
- CCH3COOH
- DC2H5Cl
24.What suffix is used for the names of carboxylic acids?
Easy
- A-anoic acid
- B-anol
- C-ene
- D-ane
25.How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of propane?
Easy
- A3
- B2
- C4
- D1
26.A compound has the molecular formula C3H6. To which homologous series does it belong?
Medium
- AAlkene
- BAlkane
- CAlcohol
- DCarboxylic acid
27.What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
Easy
- A-COOH
- B-OH
- C-COO-
- DC=C
28.What is the general formula for the carboxylic acid homologous series?
Easy
- AC_nH_2n+1COOH
- BC_nH_2nCOOH
- CC_nH_2n-1COOH
- DC_nH_2n+2COOH
29.Three simple hydrocarbons and the products of two reactions are given below. (Structure 1: CH3CH2CH3, Structure 2: CH2=CHCH3, Structure 3: CH3CH2CH2OH) Which of these structures are named correctly?
Medium
- AStructure 1 is propane, Structure 2 is propene, Structure 3 is propanol
- BStructure 1 is propane, Structure 2 is propene, Structure 3 is propan-1-ol
- CStructure 1 is propene, Structure 2 is propane, Structure 3 is propanol
- DStructure 1 is propene, Structure 2 is propane, Structure 3 is propan-1-ol
30.A student tests an unknown hydrocarbon with bromine water. The bromine water is decolourised. Which statement about the hydrocarbon is correct?
Medium
- AIt is saturated and contains only single bonds.
- BIt is unsaturated and contains at least one double bond.
- CIt is an alkane.
- DIt is a carboxylic acid.
31.Complete the sentence: The general formula for alkanes is ___.
Easy
The general formula for alkanes is ____.
32.What is the name of the functional group in alcohols?
Easy
33.Explain what structural isomers are and give an example for the molecular formula C4H10.
Medium
34.What is the functional group of an alkene?
Easy
- AC-C
- BC=C
- C-OH
- D-COOH
35.A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Easy
True or false?
36.Which of the following is the correct general formula for carboxylic acids?
Easy
- AC_n H_2n+2
- BC_n H_2n
- CC_n H_2n+1 OH
- DC_n H_2n+1 COOH
37.What is the name of the compound with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH2OH?
Easy
- AButane
- BButanol
- CButanoic acid
- DButene
38.Saturated compounds contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Easy
True or false?
39.Which of the following are characteristics of a homologous series? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASame functional group
- BSame general formula
- CSame physical properties
- DSimilar chemical properties
- EDifference of CH2 between consecutive members
40.Match each homologous series to its functional group.
Easy
- Alkane
- Alkene
- Alcohol
- Carboxylic acid
- C-C
- -OH
- -COOH
41.Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. What is the independent variable?
Easy
- Athe assigned organic family and expected reaction type
- Bthe functional group in each structure
- Cthe number of repeated trials
- Dthe scientific explanation written afterwards
42.Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Which observation or quantity is the dependent variable?
Easy
- Athe functional group in each structure
- Bthe title given to the investigation
- Cthe assigned organic family and expected reaction type
- Dthe number of references in the report
43.Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Which decision best controls another factor in this comparison?
Medium
- Achange every condition for each trial
- Buse a different measurement method for every result
- Crecord only results that agree with the prediction
- Dcompare structures using the same naming rules
44.Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Why should the class repeat measurements or check multiple comparable observations?
Medium
- ATo assess variation and judge how consistent the evidence is
- BTo guarantee that every systematic error disappears
- CTo make an unsupported prediction become correct
- DTo avoid reporting results that disagree with a model
45.A class is evaluating an application of organic formulae and functional groups. Which statement identifies a relevant limitation?
Hard
- AAll scientific models reproduce every feature of the real world
- BA molecular formula can describe more than one structure, so it may not uniquely identify a compound.
- COne favourable result proves that a technology has no disadvantages
- DA conclusion needs no evidence when a scientific term is used
46.Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Which conclusion is most justified by a controlled comparison?
Hard
- AA claim that the result must hold in all possible conditions
- BA claim that alternative explanations never need testing
- CA conclusion restricted to the tested conditions, with uncertainty and limitations stated
- DA claim based only on the most convenient observation
47.Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Select the two practices that strengthen the validity of this comparison.
Medium
- Acompare structures using the same naming rules
- Bchange the measurement method whenever a result is unexpected
- Crecord the assigned organic family and expected reaction type using the same agreed procedure
- Dreport only observations that confirm the prediction
48.When evaluating evidence about organic formulae and functional groups, select the two scientifically defensible statements.
Hard
- AOne result proves the explanation in every situation
- BA molecular formula can describe more than one structure, so it may not uniquely identify a compound.
- CA conclusion should state the conditions and uncertainty of the evidence
- DModels never need revision when new evidence appears
49.Design a fair investigation for this question: Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Identify what to compare, what to record and one control.
Medium
50.Explain one use of the science in organic formulae and functional groups and evaluate one limitation of the evidence or application.
Hard
51.A compound contains a -COOH group. Which classification and characteristic reaction are consistent?
Hard
- AAlkane; it must immediately decolourise bromine water
- BAlcohol; its defining group is a carbon-carbon double bond
- CAlkene; it contains only single carbon-carbon bonds
- DCarboxylic acid; it can react with a carbonate to release carbon dioxide
52.A sample has molecular formula C2H6O. Why does that formula alone not prove it is ethanol?
Hard
- ADifferent atom arrangements can share the same molecular formula
- BA molecular formula never states the elements present
- CAll substances with two carbon atoms are ethanol
- DThe oxygen atom automatically creates a -COOH group

Apuntes de repaso

## Big idea: organic formulae and functional groups - **Key concept: Relationships.** A functional group is the atom or group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions. Homologous-series members share a functional group and show a pattern in their formulae. - **Related concepts: Models and evidence.** Use a scientific explanation to make predictions, then test it against observations. - **Global context: Scientific and technical innovation.** Functional groups guide the design and identification of useful organic compounds. ## Organic Formulae - **Organic compounds** contain carbon (except metal carbonates, CO₂, CO). - **Hydrocarbons** contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. - **Displayed formula** shows the spatial arrangement of all atoms and bonds. - **Structural formula** shows only important bonds (e.g., C=C); identical groups may be bracketed. - **Molecular formula** gives the actual number of each atom in a compound. - **Structural isomers** have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae (e.g., C₄H₁₀: butane and 2-methylpropane). ## Homologous Series - A **homologous series** is a family of organic compounds with the same **functional group** and similar chemical properties. - The **functional group** is a specific arrangement of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions. - Key functional groups: **alkane** (C–C), **alkene** (C=C), **alcohol** (–OH), **carboxylic acid** (–COOH), **ester** (–COO–). - General formulae: alkane CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, alkene CₙH₂ₙ, alcohol CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH, carboxylic acid CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH. - Members differ by **CH₂** and show a **gradation in physical properties** (e.g., boiling point increases with chain length). - Example: ethanol (C₂H₅OH, b.p. 78°C) and propanol (C₃H₇OH, b.p. 97°C) are both alcohols with –OH group. ## Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds - **Saturated** compounds have only **single C–C bonds** (e.g., alkanes). - General formula for alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂; first three: methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈). - **Unsaturated** compounds contain at least one **C=C double bond** (e.g., alkenes). - General formula for alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ; first three: ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), butene (C₄H₈). - Mnemonic: **S**aturated = **S**ingle bonds; **U**nsaturated = do**U**ble bonds. ## Naming Organic Compounds - Name consists of a **stem** (number of C atoms) and **suffix** (functional group). - Stems: 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=pent, 6=hex. - Suffixes: -ane (alkane), -ene (alkene), -anol (alcohol), -anoic acid (carboxylic acid), -yl-anoate (ester). - For positional isomers, number the carbon chain to locate the functional group (e.g., propan-1-ol, but-2-ene). - For a simple monocarboxylic acid, number the chain from the carboxyl carbon, which is carbon 1. - Ester names: the alcohol part (alkyl) comes first, then the carboxylic acid part (alkanoate) – e.g., methyl ethanoate from methanol + ethanoic acid. ## Key Functional Groups Table - **Alkane**: C–C, suffix -ane. - **Alkene**: C=C, suffix -ene. - **Alcohol**: –OH, suffix -anol. - **Carboxylic acid**: –COOH, suffix -anoic acid. - **Ester**: –COO–, suffix -yl-anoate. ## Think like a scientist - Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. - **Comparison:** the functional group in each structure. **Outcome:** the assigned organic family and expected reaction type. - **Control:** compare structures using the same naming rules. Explain why this makes the comparison fairer. - **Evidence:** Use a consistent method, repeated observations where appropriate and a table with labelled quantities and units. Keep unexpected results and investigate their cause. - **Safety:** Practical activities need teacher supervision and an appropriate risk assessment. Use the provided data or simulation where the investigation specifies it. - **Inquiry task:** State a testable question, predict the outcome using the science, then explain how your observations would support or challenge the prediction. ## Evaluate the science - Functional groups guide the design and identification of useful organic compounds. - A molecular formula can describe more than one structure, so it may not uniquely identify a compound. - **Evaluation task:** Link your conclusion to evidence, identify a limitation and suggest a specific improvement. Distinguish a measured result from an explanation of its cause.

Drawing Displayed Formulae: Draw the displayed formula of an organic molecule showing all atoms and bonds.
Identifying Functional Groups: Identify the functional group in a given organic compound and name the homologous series.
Drawing Structural Isomers: Draw structural isomers for a given molecular formula.
Distinguishing Saturated and Unsaturated: Classify a compound as saturated or unsaturated based on the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds.
Naming Organic Compounds: Name consists of a **stem** (number of C atoms) and **suffix** (functional group).
Using General Formulae: Apply the general formula of a homologous series to determine the molecular formula from the number of carbon atoms.
Drawing Structural Formulae: Draw the structural formula of an organic molecule showing bonds only for functional groups.
Designing scientific inquiries: Plan a fair comparison: Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns.
Evaluating evidence and impacts: Functional groups guide the design and identification of useful organic compounds. A molecular formula can describe more than one structure, so it may not uniquely identify a compound.
Organic Formulae: **Organic compounds** contain carbon (except metal carbonates, CO₂, CO).
Homologous Series: A **homologous series** is a family of organic compounds with the same **functional group** and similar chemical properties.
Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds: **Saturated** compounds have only **single C–C bonds** (e.g., alkanes).
Key Functional Groups Table: **Alkane**: C–C, suffix -ane.
Organic compounds: **Organic compounds** contain carbon (except metal carbonates, CO₂, CO).
Hydrocarbons: **Hydrocarbons** contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Displayed formula: **Displayed formula** shows the spatial arrangement of all atoms and bonds.

Tarjetas

Which of the following formulae shows an alkane?

C4H10 Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2. For n=4, H=2×4+2=10, so C4H10 is an alkane. The others have fewer hydrogens, indicating unsaturation or incorrect formula.

Which of the following is not a feature of a homologous series?

Compounds have the same physical properties Members of a homologous series have gradation in physical properties, not identical physical properties. The other options are all characteristic of a homologous series.

What is the general formula of the alkenes?

CnH2n Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n, as they contain one carbon-carbon double bond, which reduces the number of hydrogen atoms compared to alkanes.

What is the name of the compound with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH?

Propan-1-ol The compound has a chain of three carbon atoms (prop-) and the -OH group on the first carbon, so it is propan-1-ol.

Which of the following structures shows a compound that belongs to a different homologous series to octane?

A hydrocarbon with 8 carbons and one double bond Octane is an alkane (saturated). A hydrocarbon with a double bond is an alkene, which belongs to a different homologous series.

Which of the following compounds is unsaturated?

C2H4 Unsaturated compounds contain carbon-carbon double bonds. C2H4 is ethene, an alkene with a double bond. The others are alkanes with only single bonds.

What is the name of the compound with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2COOH?

Butanoic acid The compound has a chain of four carbon atoms (but-) and a -COOH group, so it is butanoic acid.

Three statements about propane and propanol are listed below. 1. Propane and propanol belong to the same homologous series. 2. Propanol is a compound that contains three carbon atoms. 3. Propane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Which statements are correct?

2 only Propanol contains three carbon atoms (2 is correct). Propane is an alkane (saturated), so 3 is false. They belong to different homologous series (alkane vs alcohol), so 1 is false.

A compound has a chain of four carbon atoms with an -OH group on the second carbon. What is the name of this compound?

Butan-2-ol The -OH group is attached to the second carbon of a four-carbon chain, so the name is butan-2-ol. Butan-1-ol would have -OH on carbon 1.

Which group of compounds is from a homologous series?

CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH are all alcohols with the same functional group (-OH) and general formula CnH2n+1OH, so they belong to the same homologous series.

W, X, Y and Z are the first four members of the carboxylic acid homologous series, but not necessarily in order. Their relative molecular masses are: W=60, X=88, Y=46, Z=74. Which sequence shows the substances in order of decreasing boiling point?

X → Z → W → Y For carboxylic acids, boiling point increases with molecular mass. The Mr values correspond to: Y=46 (methanoic acid), W=60 (ethanoic acid), Z=74 (propanoic acid), X=88 (butanoic acid). Decreasing boiling point: X (highest Mr) → Z → W → Y (lowest Mr).

Which of the following is the general formula for the carboxylic acid homologous series?

C_nH_2n+1COOH The general formula for carboxylic acids is C_nH_2n+1COOH.

Using the general formula for alkenes, what is the molecular formula of the alkene with 7 carbon atoms?

C₇H₁₄ The general formula for alkenes is C_nH_2n. For n=7, H = 2×7 = 14, so C₇H₁₄.

A compound has a chain of 4 carbon atoms with a double bond between the second and third carbon, and an -OH group on the first carbon. What is the name of this compound?

but-2-en-1-ol The longest chain has 4 carbons (but-), a double bond between C2 and C3 (2-en), and an -OH on C1 (1-ol). The name is but-2-en-1-ol.

A student tests an unknown hydrocarbon with bromine water. The bromine water decolourises. What can be concluded about the hydrocarbon?

It is unsaturated. Bromine water decolourises in the presence of a C=C double bond, indicating an unsaturated compound. Alkanes and saturated compounds do not decolourise bromine water.

Which of the following compounds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

C₂H₄ Unsaturated hydrocarbons have a C=C bond and follow the general formula C_nH_2n. C₂H₄ (ethene) fits this formula and is unsaturated.

How would you design the inquiry for organic formulae and functional groups?

Classify a teacher-provided set of organic structures by functional group and compare their reaction patterns. Compare the functional group in each structure; record the assigned organic family and expected reaction type; compare structures using the same naming rules.

What limitation matters when applying organic formulae and functional groups?

A molecular formula can describe more than one structure, so it may not uniquely identify a compound.

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