The Norman Conquest

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Apuntes de la lección

The Succession Crisis of 1066

Edward the Confessor died in January 1066 without a clear heir, leading to a disputed succession.
Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, was elected king by the Witenagemot and crowned by the Archbishop of York, Ealdred.
William of Normandy claimed that Edward had promised him the throne and that Harold had sworn an oath to support his claim.
Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, also claimed the throne based on an agreement between his predecessor, Magnus the Good, and the earlier English king Harthacnut.

The Norwegian Invasion and Stamford Bridge

In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig raided southeastern England and later joined forces with Harald Hardrada.
Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September 1066 and defeated the northern earls at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September.
King Harold marched north and defeated and killed Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September.
This victory was short-lived, as William of Normandy landed in Sussex just three days later.

William's Invasion and the Battle of Hastings

On 28 September 1066, William's invasion force of thousands of men and hundreds of ships landed at Pevensey in Sussex.
Harold marched south to confront William, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north.
The Battle of Hastings took place on 14 October 1066.
William's forces defeated Harold's army, and Harold was killed in the battle.
William became king of England following his victory.

Why William Won

William had a well-prepared army and the advantage of Harold's exhausted forces after Stamford Bridge.
Harold's army was weakened by the need to march south quickly and by the departure of some of his militia.
William's tactics, including the use of cavalry and archers, proved effective against Harold's infantry.
Harold's death in battle led to the collapse of English resistance.

Securing Control: Castles and Feudalism

William built motte-and-bailey castles at strategic points to control the population and defend against rebellion.
He granted lands to his followers, who held them directly from the king in return for military service—this was the feudal system.
The lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated, and some fled into exile.
William faced rebellions for several years and was not secure on the throne until after 1072.

The Harrying of the North

The Harrying of the North was a brutal campaign by William to crush rebellion in northern England.
It involved the systematic destruction of villages, crops, and livestock, leading to widespread famine.
The harrying effectively ended resistance in the north but caused long-lasting devastation.

The Domesday Book

The Domesday Book was a manuscript record of the 'Great Survey' of much of England and parts of Wales.
It was completed by 1086 under William's authority.
It recorded landholdings, resources, and values, helping William to tax and govern effectively.

Changes to Society and Government

The Norman Conquest introduced a dialect of French as the language of the elites.
There were changes in the composition of the upper classes as William enfeoffed lands to be held directly from the king.
The main change for the agricultural classes was the formal abolition of slavery.
There was little alteration in the structure of government because Norman administrators took over many Anglo-Saxon forms.

Diapositivas

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Preguntas de práctica

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1.Who was the Duke of Normandy who led the invasion of England in 1066?
Easy
- AWilliam
- BHarold Godwinson
- CHarald Hardrada
- DEdward the Confessor
2.Which English king died in January 1066, leaving no clear heir?
Easy
- AEdward the Confessor
- BHarold Godwinson
- CWilliam of Normandy
- DHarald Hardrada
3.Who was elected king by the Witenagemot after Edward the Confessor's death?
Easy
- AHarold Godwinson
- BWilliam of Normandy
- CHarald Hardrada
- DEdgar the Atheling
4.On what date did the Battle of Hastings take place?
Easy
- A14 October 1066
- B25 September 1066
- C20 September 1066
- D28 September 1066
5.Which battle was fought on 25 September 1066?
Easy
- ABattle of Stamford Bridge
- BBattle of Hastings
- CBattle of Fulford
- DBattle of Pevensey
6.Where did William's invasion force land in England in 1066?
Easy
- APevensey, Sussex
- BFulford, Yorkshire
- CStamford Bridge, Yorkshire
- DLondon
7.What was the main purpose of the motte-and-bailey castles built by the Normans after 1066?
Medium
- ATo control key military strong points and enforce Norman rule
- BTo serve as monasteries for Norman monks
- CTo act as marketplaces for local trade
- DTo house the Domesday Book survey records
8.What was the Harrying of the North?
Medium
- AA brutal campaign by William to crush rebellions in northern England
- BA Viking invasion of northern England led by Harald Hardrada
- CA survey of northern England recorded in the Domesday Book
- DA peace treaty between William and the northern earls

Más preguntas

9.What was the feudal system introduced by the Normans?
Medium
- AA system where land was granted in return for service and loyalty to the king
- BA system where all land was owned equally by peasants
- CA system where the Church controlled all land and taxes
- DA system where land was bought and sold for money
10.What was the Domesday Book?
Medium
- AA manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales, completed by 1086
- BA book of Norman laws written by William the Conqueror
- CA chronicle of the Battle of Hastings written by a Norman monk
- DA list of all the castles built by William after 1066
11.Why did William of Normandy claim he had a right to the English throne?
Medium
- AHe claimed that Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne and that Harold had sworn an oath agreeing to this
- BHe was the son of Edward the Confessor
- CHe had been elected by the Witenagemot
- DHe was the brother of Harold Godwinson
12.What was the outcome of the Battle of Hastings?
Medium
- AWilliam's force defeated Harold, who was killed, and William became king
- BHarold defeated William and remained king
- CHarald Hardrada defeated both Harold and William
- DThe battle ended in a draw and a peace treaty
13.Which of the following were claimants to the English throne in 1066? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AHarold Godwinson
- BWilliam of Normandy
- CHarald Hardrada
- DEdward the Confessor
- ETostig Godwinson
14.Which of the following were effects of the Norman Conquest? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated
- BCastles were built to control military strong points
- CThe Domesday Book was completed by 1086
- DThe English language immediately replaced French in the court
- EThe feudal system was introduced
15.Which of the following statements about the battles of 1066 are correct? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe Battle of Fulford took place on 20 September 1066
- BHarald Hardrada was victorious at the Battle of Fulford
- CThe Battle of Stamford Bridge took place on 25 September 1066
- DHarold Godwinson defeated and killed Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge
- EWilliam landed at Pevensey before the Battle of Stamford Bridge
16.Harold Godwinson was killed at the Battle of Hastings.
Easy
True or false?
17.William of Normandy became king immediately after the Battle of Hastings.
Easy
True or false?
18.The Domesday Book was completed by 1086.
Easy
True or false?
19.Harald Hardrada was killed at the Battle of Fulford.
Easy
True or false?
20.The Norman Conquest led to the formal abolition of slavery in England.
Medium
True or false?
21.Match each person to their role or claim in 1066.
Medium
- Harold Godwinson
- William of Normandy
- Harald Hardrada
- Tostig Godwinson
- Earl of Wessex who was elected king
- Duke of Normandy who claimed the throne was promised to him
- King of Norway who invaded northern England
- Harold's exiled brother who raided England
22.Match each event to its date in 1066.
Medium
- Battle of Fulford
- Battle of Stamford Bridge
- Landing at Pevensey
- Battle of Hastings
- 20 September
- 25 September
- 28 September
- 14 October
23.Put these events of 1066 in the correct chronological order.
Medium
- Battle of Fulford
- Battle of Stamford Bridge
- William lands at Pevensey
- Battle of Hastings
- Harold is crowned king
24.Put these stages of the Norman Conquest in the correct order.
Medium
- Edward the Confessor dies
- Harold Godwinson is crowned king
- Harald Hardrada invades northern England
- William of Normandy lands in Sussex
- Battle of Hastings
- Domesday Book completed
25.Match each place with the event that happened there in 1066.
Medium
- Fulford
- Stamford Bridge
- Pevensey
- Hastings
- Harald Hardrada defeated the northern English earls on 20 September
- Harold Godwinson defeated and killed Harald Hardrada on 25 September
- William of Normandy's invasion force landed on 28 September
- William of Normandy defeated and killed Harold Godwinson on 14 October
26.Put these events of September and October 1066 in the correct chronological order, earliest first.
Medium
- Harald Hardrada wins the Battle of Fulford
- Harold Godwinson defeats and kills Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge
- William of Normandy lands at Pevensey in Sussex
- William of Normandy defeats Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings
27.Which of the following were ways William controlled England after 1066? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AHe granted lands to his followers.
- BHe built castles at military strong points.
- CHe ordered the Great Survey recorded in the Domesday Book.
- DHe abolished the Witenagemot and ruled without any English officials.
- EHe made French the only language spoken by everyone in England.
28.Which statement best explains why William of Normandy believed he had a right to the English throne?
Medium
- AHe claimed Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne and that Harold had sworn an oath agreeing to this.
- BHe was the son of Edward the Confessor and therefore the direct heir.
- CHe had been elected king by the Witenagemot before Harold.
- DHe inherited the throne through his marriage to Emma of Normandy.
29.Harold Godwinson was crowned by the Archbishop of York, Ealdred.
Easy
True or false?
30.Which of these was a consequence of the Norman Conquest for the English elite?
Medium
- AThe lands of resisting English elites were confiscated and some fled into exile.
- BAll English earls kept their lands and titles without change.
- CThe English elite were given new lands in Normandy as compensation.
- DThe English elite were allowed to elect the next king.
31.Which of the following statements about the Battle of Hastings are supported by the evidence? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AHarold marched south to face William, leaving a significant part of his army in the north.
- BHarold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October 1066.
- CHarold was killed in the battle.
- DWilliam became king immediately on the day of the battle.
- EThe battle was fought at Stamford Bridge.
32.Why was William of Normandy not secure on the English throne until after 1072?
Medium
- AHe still faced rebellions over the following years.
- BHarold Godwinson escaped and raised a new army.
- CThe Witenagemot refused to recognise him as king.
- DThe Norwegian army returned and won a second battle at Fulford.
33.Put these stages of the Norman take-over of England in the correct order.
Medium
- William grants lands to his followers and builds castles at strong points.
- The lands of resisting English elites are confiscated and some flee into exile.
- The Domesday Book records the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales.
- William is finally secure on the English throne after 1072.
34.The Norman Conquest brought little alteration to the structure of government because Norman administrators took over many forms of Anglo-Saxon government.
Easy
True or false?
35.Which of the following best describes the effect of the Norman Conquest on the agricultural classes and village life?
Medium
- AMore gradual changes, with the main change appearing to be the formal abolition of slavery.
- BThe immediate replacement of all English peasants by Norman settlers.
- CThe complete end of farming in England for a generation.
- DThe introduction of the feudal system only in towns, not in the countryside.
36.Match each date to the event it belongs to.
Medium
- 20 September 1066
- 25 September 1066
- 28 September 1066
- 14 October 1066
- Battle of Fulford
- Battle of Stamford Bridge
- Landing at Pevensey
- Battle of Hastings
37.Put these events from the origins of Normandy in the correct order.
Medium
- Charles the Simple allows Vikings under Rollo to settle in Normandy.
- The Vikings in the region become known as the Northmen.
- The Normans adopt the Old French language and convert to Christianity.
- Æthelred the Unready marries Emma of Normandy.
38.Which of these was the immediate result of the Battle of Hastings?
Medium
- AWilliam defeated Harold, who was killed, and William became king.
- BHarold defeated William and kept the throne.
- CHarald Hardrada became king of England.
- DThe Witenagemot elected a new English king.
39.Harald Hardrada's claim to the English throne was based on an agreement between Magnus the Good and Harthacnut.
Easy
True or false?
40.Which of the following statements about the 1066 succession crisis are correct? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AEdward the Confessor died at the beginning of 1066 without a clear heir.
- BHarold Godwinson was the richest and most powerful English aristocrat.
- CWilliam claimed that Harold had sworn an oath agreeing that William should be king.
- DHarald Hardrada was elected king by the Witenagemot.
- ETostig Godwinson was Harold's exiled brother who raided England in early 1066.
41.Complete the sentence about the Battle of Hastings.
Easy
The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October ____ .
42.Complete the sentence about the Domesday Book.
Easy
The Domesday Book was completed by ____ .
43.Name the three main claimants to the English throne in 1066.
Medium
The three main claimants were ____, ____ and ____ .
44.Where did William's invasion force land in Sussex in 1066?
Easy
45.Which battle was fought on 20 September 1066?
Easy
46.In what year was the Battle of Hastings fought?
Easy
47.In what year was the Domesday Book completed?
Easy
48.What name was given to the Norsemen who settled in Normandy under Rollo, from which the words 'Normandy' and 'Normans' are derived?
Medium
49.In what year was the Battle of Fulford fought?
Medium
50.Complete the sentence about the Norman invasion force.
Easy
William's invasion force was made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish and ____ troops, and it landed at ____ in Sussex.
51.Complete the sentence about the Norman Conquest.
Easy
The Norman Conquest was an 11th-century invasion led by the Duke of ____, later styled William the ____.
52.Explain why William of Normandy won the Battle of Hastings.
Medium
53.Describe how the Normans took control of England after 1066.
Medium
54.Explain why there was a succession crisis in England in 1066.
Hard
55.Explain why William of Normandy was able to win the Battle of Hastings.
Hard
56.Explain why there was a disputed succession in England in 1066.
Hard
57.In what year was the Battle of Hastings fought?
Easy
- A959
- B1280
- C1173
- D1066
58.In what year was the Domesday Book completed?
Easy
- A977
- B1195
- C1304
- D1086
59.In what year was the Battle of Fulford fought?
Medium
- A1173
- B959
- C1280
- D1066

Apuntes de repaso

## The Norman Conquest (1066–1086) ### The succession crisis of 1066 - **Edward the Confessor** died in January 1066, childless, leaving no clear heir. - **Claimants:** - **Harold Godwinson** — Earl of Wessex, richest and most powerful English aristocrat; elected king by the **Witenagemot** and crowned by Archbishop Ealdred. - **William of Normandy** — claimed Edward had promised him the throne and that Harold had sworn an oath agreeing to this. - **Harald Hardrada** — King of Norway; claimed the throne through an agreement between Magnus the Good and Harthacnut. ### The three battles of 1066 - **Battle of Fulford (20 September):** Harald Hardrada invaded northern England and was victorious. - **Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September):** Harold Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada. - **Battle of Hastings (14 October):** William's invasion force landed at Pevensey on 28 September. Harold marched south, leaving much of his army in the north. William defeated Harold, who was killed, and William became king. ### Why William won - Harold had just fought Hardrada and had to march south quickly. - Harold left a significant portion of his army in the north. - William had assembled thousands of troops and hundreds of ships. ### How the Normans took control - **Motte-and-bailey castles** were built at military strong points throughout the land. - **Harrying of the North** — resisting English elite had their lands confiscated; some fled into exile. - **Feudal system** — William granted lands to his followers, who held them directly from the king (enfeoffed). - **Domesday Book** — a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales, completed by 1086. ### Other effects - The court and government changed; a dialect of French became the language of the elites. - The upper classes changed in composition. - More gradual changes affected agricultural classes and village life; the main change was the formal abolition of slavery. - Little alteration in the structure of government — Norman administrators took over many forms of Anglo-Saxon government. - William was not secure on the throne until after 1072. ### Origins of the Normans - In 911, Charles the Simple allowed Vikings under **Rollo** to settle in Normandy (Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte). - They became the "Northmen" → "Normandy" and "Normans". - They adopted Old French, converted to Christianity, and intermarried with the local population. - In 1002, Æthelred the Unready married Emma of Normandy; their son was Edward the Confessor.

Witenagemot: The assembly of English nobles that elected Harold Godwinson as king in 1066.
Motte-and-bailey castle: A type of castle built by the Normans to control military strong points throughout England.
Harrying of the North: The confiscation of lands from the resisting English elite in the north; some of the elite fled into exile.
Feudal system: The system in which William granted lands to his followers, who held them directly from the king (enfeoffed).
Domesday Book: A manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales, completed by 1086.
Battle of Fulford: Fought on 20 September 1066; Harald Hardrada was victorious.
Battle of Stamford Bridge: Fought on 25 September 1066; Harold Godwinson defeated and killed Harald Hardrada.
Battle of Hastings: Fought on 14 October 1066; William defeated Harold, who was killed, and William became king.
Normans: Vikings who settled in Normandy from 911, adopted Old French and Christianity, and became known as "Northmen".
Edward the Confessor: Childless Anglo-Saxon king who died in January 1066; his lack of a clear heir led to the disputed succession.

Tarjetas

Who led the Norman invasion of England in 1066?

William, Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror.

What was William's claim to the English throne based on?

His familial relationship with the childless King Edward the Confessor, who may have encouraged William's hopes for the throne.

Who succeeded Edward the Confessor as King of England in January 1066?

Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, who was elected by the Witenagemot and crowned.

Who was Harald Hardrada?

The King of Norway who also claimed the English throne and invaded northern England in September 1066.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066?

Harald Hardrada's Norwegian army was victorious.

What happened at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September 1066?

Harold Godwinson's army defeated and killed Harald Hardrada.

When and where did William's invasion force land in England?

On 28 September 1066 at Pevensey in Sussex, southern England.

Why did Harold Godwinson leave a significant portion of his army in the north after Stamford Bridge?

He marched south to oppose William's invasion, leaving part of his army in the north.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066?

William's force defeated Harold's army, and Harold was killed; William became king.

How did William secure control of England after 1066?

He confiscated lands of resisting English elites, granted lands to his followers, and built castles at military strong points.

What was the Harrying of the North?

A campaign by William to crush rebellions in northern England, involving widespread destruction.

What was the Domesday Book?

A manuscript record of the 'Great Survey' of much of England and parts of Wales, completed by 1086.

What was the feudal system introduced by the Normans?

A system where William granted lands to his followers, who held them directly from the king in return for service.

What was a motte-and-bailey castle?

A type of castle with a raised earthwork (motte) and an enclosed courtyard (bailey), built by the Normans to control strong points.

What language became the language of the elites after the Norman Conquest?

A dialect of French.

What major change affected the agricultural classes after the Norman Conquest?

The formal abolition of slavery.

Who were the Normans descended from?

Vikings under Rollo who settled in Normandy in 911 and adopted French culture and language.

Why did Edward the Confessor have strong ties to Normandy?

He spent many years in exile in Normandy and drew on Norman support when he became king in 1042.

What was the Witenagemot?

The council of English aristocrats that elected Harold Godwinson as king in 1066.

Who was Tostig Godwinson?

Harold's exiled brother who raided England in 1066 and later joined Harald Hardrada's invasion.

When did William feel secure on the English throne?

Not until after 1072, following years of rebellions.

What happened to the lands of the resisting English elite?

They were confiscated, and some of the elite fled into exile.

What was the main change in government structure after the Norman Conquest?

There was little alteration because Norman administrators took over many forms of Anglo-Saxon government.

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