Urbanisation and the growth of cities

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Urbanisation

Urbanisation is an increasing proportion living in defined urban areas; urban growth is an increase in the count. Invented totals of 40/100 and 48/120 both give 40%, despite a growing urban count.
Definitions and boundaries matter. The UN World Urbanization Prospects 2025 distinguishes cities, towns and rural areas. Older national urban definitions and projections are not interchangeable with its city-only category. Megacity conventionally means at least ten million people in a defined urban area.

Count versus share: invented data

Causes

Urban population change combines births, deaths, migration and boundary or classification changes. Push and pull factors can influence migration, but perceived opportunities are not guaranteed jobs or services.
Age structure can affect natural increase, but not every migrant is young or has the same family circumstances. Compare places and periods instead of assuming a universal income-group growth rate.

Components of urban population change

Case study: Lagos, Nigeria

Lagos has important trade, employment and cultural links, alongside pressures on housing, transport and services. Exact population and deprivation shares require a date, boundary and method; the lesson does not retain unsupported undated totals.
Makoko includes waterfront and land areas. Housing conditions, service access and tenure differ. Informal work can support livelihoods while lacking adequate formal protection; it is not synonymous with crime or an absence of all regulation and tax.
BRT and neighbourhood upgrading should be evaluated for coverage, reliability, affordability, rights and maintenance. The original Makoko Floating School was a prototype and collapsed; it must not be presented as a currently operating solution. Later design iterations are different projects.

Imagined settlement, services and work

Evaluate upgrading and comparisons

Brazilian favelas vary in location, building quality, services and tenure. A comparison with Lagos needs evidence for named neighbourhoods and dates, not a claim that all settlements are identical or on steep slopes.
In-situ upgrading may preserve community links while improving services, but site hazards, rights, affordability and resident participation matter. Self-help schemes require materials, finance and safe support; clearance can displace people and cannot be assumed an uncomplicated improvement.

Evaluate an upgrading proposal

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1.What is urbanisation?
Easy
- Aincreasing proportion of people in towns and cities
- Bpeople moving to villages
- Cfewer cities
- Dno migration
2.What is rural-urban migration?
Easy
- Apeople moving to the countryside
- Bleaving the country
- Cnone
- Dpeople moving from the countryside to cities
3.Which is a pull factor?
Easy
- Apoor services
- Bpoverty
- Cjob opportunities
- Ddrought
4.Which is a push factor?
Easy
- Ahealthcare in cities
- Bpoverty in rural areas
- Cschools in cities
- Djobs in cities
5.What is natural increase?
Easy
- Abirths exceeding deaths
- Bdeaths exceeding births
- Cmigration
- Dnone
6.What is a slum?
Easy
- Aa luxury area
- Ba park
- Can airport
- Dhousing with one or more serious service, crowding, durability or tenure deprivations
7.What is Makoko?
Easy
- Aa river
- Ban airport
- Ca Lagos community including waterfront and land-based areas
- Da park
8.What is the informal economy?
Easy
- Atourism
- Beconomic activity insufficiently covered by formal arrangements
- Cgovernment jobs
- Dbanking

Soal lainnya

9.What is counter-urbanisation?
Easy
- Apeople moving out of cities to the countryside
- Bmoving into cities
- Cno movement
- Dwar
10.What is a BRT system?
Easy
- Aa train
- Ba plane
- Ca ship
- Dbus rapid transit with dedicated lanes
11.How should the original Makoko Floating School be used in a geography case study?
Easy
- Aas a solution with no maintenance needs
- Bas proof all Makoko homes float
- Cas a dated prototype with achievements and failures to evaluate
- Das proof of a school still operating today
12.Which combination can contribute to rapid urban population growth in some lower-income regions?
Medium
- AHIC industries
- Brural poverty and economic opportunity in cities
- Cno migration
- Ddecline of cities
13.What problems does rapid growth cause?
Medium
- Astrain on housing, water and transport
- Bno problems
- Cfewer people
- Dmore space
14.How can unsafe water and inadequate sanitation affect residents’ health?
Medium
- Atoo much money
- Btoo many hospitals
- Cno people
- Dincrease exposure to disease through contaminated water and surroundings
15.How can slum upgrading help?
Medium
- Ademolishes homes only
- Badds traffic
- Cprovides services and secure housing
- Dignores slums
16.What are favelas?
Medium
- Aoffices
- Binformal settlements in Brazilian cities
- Cfarms
- Dparks
17.What is self-help housing?
Medium
- Aresidents build and improve their own homes with support
- Bthe state builds all homes
- Cno building
- Dluxury homes
18.Why can urban growth bring both opportunities and challenges?
Medium
- Ait only brings jobs
- Bit only brings problems
- Cit does nothing
- Djobs and services attract people but infrastructure struggles
19.Why is public transport a priority in growing cities?
Medium
- Ait increases traffic
- Bit is cheap only
- Cit reduces congestion and pollution
- Dit is old fashioned
20.Why might improving slums be preferable to clearing them?
Medium
- Aslums have no people
- Bit can preserve community and livelihood links while improving services
- Cslums are good
- Dclearing is cheaper
21.How can waste management reduce health risks?
Medium
- Aby collecting and disposing of waste safely
- Bby burning waste in homes
- Cby ignoring waste
- Dby adding more waste
22.What are 'pull factors'?
Easy
- Athings driving people away
- Bwar
- Cweather
- Dattractions of a place that draw people in
23.What are 'push factors'?
Easy
- Arivers
- Broads
- Creasons that drive people from a place
- Dreasons that attract them
24.What does 'megacity' growth often rely on?
Medium
- Aonly tourists
- Bmigration and natural increase
- Cno births
- Dno migration
25.Why must a projection of the global urban population in 2050 be qualified?
Medium
- Ait depends on definitions and assumptions and can be revised
- Bit is an exact count already measured in 2050
- Cit cannot change as new data arrive
- Devery definition counts exactly the same settlements
26.Urbanisation is increasing in many LICs and NEEs.
Easy
True or false?
27.Lagos is a megacity in Nigeria.
Easy
True or false?
28.Pull factors drive people out of cities.
Easy
True or false?
29.Inadequate safe water and sanitation can create health risks in some urban settlements.
Easy
True or false?
30.Megacities are cities with 1 million people.
Medium
True or false?
31.Which are push factors?
Medium
- Arural poverty
- Bdrought
- Clack of services
- Dmechanised farming
- Ejobs in the city
32.Which are urban challenges in Lagos?
Medium
- Ainadequate housing or services in some neighbourhoods
- Btraffic congestion
- Cpollution
- Dwaste
- Eclean water for all
33.Explain two causes of rural-urban migration.
Medium

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