Weimar and Nazi Germany: Hitler's rise to power 1919-33

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Early Nazi Party

Hitler joined the German Workers’ Party in 1919; it became the NSDAP in 1920. The 25-point programme contained extreme nationalism, antisemitism, racial exclusion and demands for strong central authority, alongside other claims. Party self-description should not be confused with a neutral account of its practice.
The failed Munich putsch in November 1923 led to imprisonment. Hitler began Mein Kampf in 1924; its two volumes appeared in 1925 and 1926. The book promoted racist, antisemitic and expansionist ideas, not reliable explanations of national hardship.
After reorganisation, the party used elections and local campaigning while continuing intimidation and violence. Hitler asserted authority at Bamberg in 1926. Goebbels became Berlin party leader in 1926, national party propaganda leader in 1930 and government propaganda minister in 1933; those appointments should not be merged.

Different stages and offices

The Depression

German dependence on foreign credit made it vulnerable to international shocks. Credit withdrawal, banking problems, output cuts and government responses deepened hardship after 1929. Do not say every American loan ended instantly on the day of the crash. Registered unemployment reached roughly six million near the 1932 peak.
The Nazis adapted appeals to different audiences and exploited dissatisfaction, anti-communism and prejudice. Their scapegoating of Jewish people was false. Support varied by class, religion, region and time; many unemployed people supported other parties, and farmers, businesses and middle-class voters were not uniform blocs.
Reichstag seats provide one measure: 12 in 1928, 107 in 1930, 230 in July 1932 and 196 in November 1932. The party remained largest after its November loss but did not have an outright majority. The decline disproves a story of uninterrupted, inevitable electoral growth.

Largest party did not mean a majority

Political manoeuvring

Brüning, Papen and Schleicher served as chancellor between 1930 and January 1933 while Hindenburg was president. Increasing reliance on presidential emergency powers had already weakened parliamentary government. Ebert’s brief 1918 chancellorship belongs to a different period.
Papen and other conservatives negotiated for a cabinet in which they expected to restrain Hitler. Hindenburg appointed him on 30 January 1933. Electoral strength supplied leverage, but neither a direct chancellor election nor an automatic right of the largest party produced the appointment.
Appointment and the subsequent construction of dictatorship are different stages. Conservative choices and failures of restraint mattered; describing Hitler’s accession as inevitable conceals alternatives and responsibility.

Appointment followed political choices

Why Hitler gained power

Explain the interaction of economic crisis, parliamentary deadlock, prejudice, organisation, propaganda, coercion and elite calculations. An individual speech, slogan or source image cannot establish every voter’s motives.
Some business and conservative figures supplied support or resources, but backing varied and did not form one united explanation for all Nazi gains. Political choices were needed to turn electoral influence into the chancellorship.
Distinguish printed campaign appeals and pre-1933 media access from the later regime’s control of broadcasting and its propaganda ministry. A generated rally picture is contextual interpretation, not an authenticated Hitler speech, evidence of a particular event or a poll of public belief.

A staged political appeal

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Soal latihan

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1.What does NSDAP stand for?
Easy
- ANational Socialist German Workers' Party
- BNational Security Defence Army Party
- CNazi Secret Defence Army Police
- DNone
2.Which financial event is associated with Black Tuesday, 29 October 1929?
Easy
- AHitler became Chancellor
- Bthe Reichstag Fire
- Cthe Munich Putsch
- Dthe Wall Street Crash
3.Approximately how many people were registered unemployed in Germany near the 1932 peak?
Easy
- A600
- B60 million
- Cabout 6 million
- D600,000
4.What did the SA do?
Easy
- Aran schools
- Bprotected Nazi meetings and attacked opponents
- Cran the economy
- Dmade laws
5.Who was Joseph Goebbels?
Easy
- ANazi propaganda chief
- Bleader of the SS
- Cthe Chancellor
- Da general
6.What was Mein Kampf?
Easy
- Aa Weimar law
- Ba newspaper
- Ca treaty
- DHitler's book setting out his ideas
7.What strategic change followed the failed 1923 putsch?
Easy
- Ato end the party
- Bto flee
- Cgreater use of elections and party organisation alongside continuing intimidation
- Dto join the army
8.How did Nazi campaigning seek support?
Easy
- Aonly Jews
- Bby adapting messages for several social and occupational groups
- Conly the rich
- Donly the army

Soal lainnya

9.What did Nazi posters promise?
Easy
- A'Work and Bread'
- Bpeace and quiet
- Crule by kings
- Dfree trade
10.Which scapegoats did the Nazis blame?
Easy
- Athe Church
- Bthe army
- CFrance only
- DJews and communists
11.Who was the president in 1933?
Easy
- AHitler
- BStresemann
- CHindenburg
- DEbert
12.Why did the Depression help the Nazis?
Medium
- Ait ended unemployment
- Bhardship and political deadlock weakened confidence and created opportunities for anti-democratic parties
- Cit made the economy boom
- Dit made Weimar popular
13.Why did some business and conservative figures support a Hitler-led government?
Medium
- Athey hoped to counter the left and secure their preferred political and economic order
- Bevery industrialist had identical motives
- CNazi policy guaranteed independent trade unions
- Dbusiness support alone automatically appointed a chancellor
14.Why was Hitler's speaking ability important?
Medium
- Ahe wrote laws
- Bhe led the army
- Che was a judge
- Dhe could connect with different groups
15.Which methods were central to Nazi campaigning before the January 1933 appointment?
Medium
- Abooks only
- Bno media
- Cposters, newspapers, speeches, rallies and repeated slogans
- Dsecret meetings only
16.What did Papen believe?
Medium
- AHitler should be jailed
- BHitler could be controlled as Chancellor
- CHitler would lose
- DHitler was a communist
17.What was the Bamberg Conference?
Medium
- Awhere Hitler asserted control of the party in 1926
- Ba battle
- Ca peace treaty
- Da trial
18.Why did Hitler become Chancellor without a majority?
Medium
- Ahe won 100% of votes
- Bhe was the Kaiser
- Cthe army ordered it
- Dpolitical deals and Hindenburg's decision
19.What was the largest Nazi Reichstag seat total in elections before January 1933?
Medium
- A107 seats
- B500 seats
- C230 seats in July 1932
- D12 seats
20.How did Nazi Reichstag seats change between July and November 1932?
Medium
- AHitler had already become president
- Bthey fell from 230 to 196 while the party remained the largest
- Cthey rose from 230 to an absolute majority
- Dthe party lost every seat
21.Why is direct election an inaccurate description of Hitler becoming chancellor in January 1933?
Medium
- Athe president appointed the chancellor rather than voters directly choosing that office
- Bhe was elected unanimously
- Che was the Kaiser
- Dhe took power by force
22.What was the Reichstag?
Easy
- Aa prison
- Ban army
- Ca bank
- Dthe German parliament
23.What was Hindenburg's position?
Easy
- AKaiser
- BGeneral only
- CPresident
- DChancellor
24.What did the Nazi 25 Point Programme demand?
Medium
- Apeace
- Brejection of Versailles, racist exclusion and a strong central state
- Cdemocracy
- Dcommunism
25.Why did some farmers find Nazi appeals attractive?
Medium
- Apromises of protection amid debt and falling agricultural incomes
- Bevery farmer was legally required to vote Nazi
- Call agricultural debts had already been cancelled by 1928
- Dfarm prices never changed
26.The Wall Street Crash happened in 1929.
Easy
True or false?
27.Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933.
Easy
True or false?
28.The Nazis won a majority in July 1932.
Easy
True or false?
29.The SA protected Nazi meetings.
Easy
True or false?
30.The Nazis got no support from the middle class.
Medium
True or false?
31.Which helped the Nazis rise?
Medium
- Athe Depression
- Bpropaganda
- Cthe SA
- Dfear of communism
- Ethe Marshall Plan
32.Which three men served as chancellor between March 1930 and Hitler’s January 1933 appointment?
Medium
- ABrüning
- BPapen
- CSchleicher
- DHindenburg (as Chancellor)
- EEbert as Chancellor
33.Explain why the Nazis' support grew rapidly between 1929 and 1932.
Medium

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