Biotechnology & Genetic Modification

9.Biological washing powders contain enzymes that break down fat and protein stains. Which of these foods would leave a stain that a biological washing powder removes most effectively?

10.What is a reason for conserving plant species?

11.Why are bacteria useful in genetic engineering?

12.Which structure in a bacterial cell is commonly used in genetic modification to insert genes and produce human proteins such as insulin?

13.The graph shows the mass of living Penicillium fungus and the concentration of penicillin over time in a fermenter. On which day would the concentration of penicillin be highest?

14.Which of the following structures in a bacterial cell is separate from the main chromosomal DNA and is commonly used as a vector in genetic engineering?

15.In genetic engineering, which row correctly completes the gaps? Genes are isolated from human DNA using ...1... enzymes. A bacterial plasmid is cut with the same enzyme creating ...2... . The human DNA is inserted into the bacterial plasmid using the enzyme ...3... creating a ...4... plasmid.

16.What is the role of ligase enzymes in genetic engineering?

17.The following statements describe biofuel. 1. Yeast respires to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. 2. It is a renewable energy source since it is made from living organisms instead of fossil fuels. 3. Waste parts of crop plants can be used to produce biofuels. 4. In some parts of the world, crops are grown specifically for use as biofuels. Which of these statements could be considered an advantage of biofuel?

18.Industrial fermenters are used to produce large quantities of microorganisms. Which of the following correctly matches the different conditions in the fermenters and the reason why it is important to control these conditions?

19.Which product of anaerobic respiration in yeast is used to make bread rise?

20.What is a use of pectinase in the food industry?

21.Which process makes use of a genetically engineered organism?

22.Which of the following combinations of nutrients would be needed in a batch fermenter in the production of penicillin?

23.Which of the following statements would be an advantage of producing genetically modified crops?

24.The diagram shows a genetic cross between two pea plants heterozygous for seed shape (Rr × Rr), where R (round) is dominant over r (wrinkled). What proportion of the offspring will have wrinkled seeds?

25.What is the main purpose of adding pectinase during fruit juice production?

26.In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a biological washing powder, identical cloths stained with egg protein are washed at different temperatures. Which temperature is likely to give the best stain removal?

27.In genetic engineering, which enzyme is used to cut the human insulin gene from human DNA and also to cut the bacterial plasmid?

28.A fermenter used to produce mycoprotein from Fusarium is kept at 30 °C and pH 5.5. What would most likely happen if the temperature was raised to 60 °C?

29.Which of the following is a disadvantage of using genetically modified crops?

30.In the production of insulin by genetically modified bacteria, after inserting the recombinant plasmid into bacteria, the bacteria are placed in a fermenter. Why is agitation (stirring) important in this fermenter?

31.Which gas produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration causes bread dough to rise?

32.A student investigates the effect of pH on the activity of pectinase. They measure the volume of juice released from apple pulp at different pH values. Which pH is likely to give the highest juice volume?

33.In the genetic modification process, after the human insulin gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, what is the resulting DNA molecule called?

34.A company wants to produce large quantities of a human enzyme using genetically modified bacteria. Which of the following is the most important reason to use bacteria rather than sheep for this process?

35.What is the name of the enzyme used to break down pectin in fruit juice production?

36.Which of the following is a use of genetically modified bacteria?

37.What is the main advantage of using biological washing powders?

38.Which enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific sequences to create sticky ends?

39.Which of the following is a use of bacteria in biotechnology?

40.The carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast makes bread dough rise.

41.Which of the following is an advantage of using biological washing powders?

42.In the production of mycoprotein, what is the fungus Fusarium grown in?

43.Bacteria contain plasmids that can be used to transfer DNA during genetic modification.

44.Which enzyme is used to join the sticky ends of a plasmid and a human gene during genetic modification?

45.Which of the following are advantages of using bacteria for genetic modification? (Select all that apply)

46.Match each biotechnological product or process with the correct microorganism or enzyme.

47.Arrange the following steps in the correct order for producing human insulin using genetically modified bacteria.

48.In an industrial fermenter, what is the purpose of the water jacket?

49.Complete the sentence.

50.In bread making, yeast produces carbon dioxide through anaerobic respiration. If one yeast cell produces 0.0001 cm³ of CO₂ per minute, how much CO₂ (in cm³) would 5000 yeast cells produce in 10 minutes?

51.What is the name of the circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is commonly used in genetic engineering?

52.What is the name of the protein-rich food produced from the fungus Fusarium?

53.Complete the sentence about genetic modification.

54.Explain why the use of waste parts of crop plants for biofuel production can cause concern.

55.Describe one advantage of using biological washing powders compared to non-biological detergents.

56.In bread making, yeast produces carbon dioxide through anaerobic respiration. If one yeast cell produces 0.0001 cm³ of CO₂ per minute, how much CO₂ (in cm³) would 5000 yeast cells produce in 10 minutes?