Solids, Liquids & Gases

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Kinetic Theory

Matter consists of tiny particles in constant motion.
Arrangement and movement differ in solids, liquids, and gases.
Solids: particles packed closely in a regular pattern, vibrate in fixed positions.
Liquids: particles close but randomly arranged, slide past each other.
Gases: particles far apart, move randomly and quickly (~500 m/s).
Particle energy increases from solid to liquid to gas.

Particle arrangement in solids, liquids and gases

States of Matter

Solid: fixed volume and shape, high density.
Liquid: fixed volume, shape of container, medium density.
Gas: no fixed volume, shape of container, low density, easily compressed.
Density order: solid > liquid > gas (water is an exception).

State Changes

Melting: solid → liquid at melting point; heat energy increases particle movement.
Freezing: liquid → solid at same temperature as melting point.
Boiling: liquid → gas at boiling point; bubbles form throughout liquid.
Evaporation: liquid → gas at surface, below boiling point; faster with larger surface area and higher temperature.
Condensation: gas → liquid on cooling; particles lose energy and clump together.
During a state change, temperature remains constant because energy overcomes attractive forces, not increase kinetic energy.

The state changes

Pressure & Temperature in Gases

Gas pressure results from particles colliding with container walls.
Increasing temperature increases particle kinetic energy, causing faster movement and more frequent collisions.
If container is flexible, volume increases as temperature rises (e.g., hot air balloon).
Increasing pressure (squeezing) decreases volume; particles collide more frequently.
Decreasing pressure increases volume.
Do not say particles expand; say they spread out.

Pressure increases as volume decreases

Diffusion

Diffusion: net movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Occurs in gases and liquids due to random particle motion.
No energy input required; rate increases with temperature.
Diffusion is faster in gases than liquids because gas particles have more kinetic energy.
Example: potassium manganate(VII) in water spreads until evenly distributed.

Diffusion of potassium manganate(VII) in water

Diffusion & Molecular Mass (Extended)

At same temperature, lighter gases diffuse faster than heavier ones.
Relative molecular mass (Mᵣ) determines rate: lower Mᵣ → faster diffusion.
Example: ammonia (Mᵣ=17) diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride (Mᵣ=36.5).
In a tube, ammonium chloride forms closer to the HCl end because NH₃ travels further.

Diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride

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1.Which of the following statements about a specific mass of a liquid at room temperature is correct?
Easy
- AIt has a fixed volume.
- BIt has a fixed shape.
- CIts particles are in fixed positions.
- DIts volume is the same as that of an equal mass of gas.
2.In which of these substances are the particles close together and moving slowly past each other?
Easy
- AIce
- BAir
- CSteam
- DWater
3.The statement 'The particles moved slowly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration' describes which process?
Easy
- ADiffusion of a substance in a liquid
- BThe particles of a solid during melting
- CA liquid being frozen
- DDiffusion of a substance through air
4.A small amount of bleach spilled on a kitchen floor. After a while the floor was dry and the whole kitchen smelled of bleach. Which processes have occurred?
Medium
- AEvaporation and diffusion
- BDistillation and diffusion
- CEvaporation only
- DDiffusion only
5.As the temperature of air in a balloon increases, the volume increases. When the volume increases, the pressure inside the balloon:
Easy
- Aincreases
- Bdecreases
- Cstays the same
- Dbecomes zero
6.Water boils at 100 °C to form steam. Which statement about the particles of steam is correct?
Easy
- AThe arrangement of the molecules is regular.
- BThe molecules move quickly in random directions.
- CThe forces of attraction between the molecules are strong.
- DThe molecules are close together.
7.Which statement about diffusion is correct?
Easy
- AIt is a chemical change.
- BThe net movement of particles is from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
- CThe particles spread in order with a fixed pattern.
- DThe net movement of particles is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
8.Which statements describe the arrangement of particles in a solid? 1. Particles are moving in all directions. 2. Particles are arranged in neat rows. 3. Particles can move past each other. 4. Particles vibrate about their positions.
Medium
- A1 and 2
- B2 and 4
- C1 and 3
- D2 only

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9.A cup of hot chocolate is made with boiling water. Steam rises from the surface into the air above the cup. Which row correctly compares the particles of water in the steam with those in the hot chocolate drink? (✓ = greater, × = not greater)
Medium
- AParticles move faster: ✓, Particles are closer together: ✓
- BParticles move faster: ✓, Particles are closer together: ×
- CParticles move faster: ×, Particles are closer together: ✓
- DParticles move faster: ×, Particles are closer together: ×
10.When a blue soluble crystal is placed in a beaker of water, which processes take place?
Medium
- AChemical process: ✓, Dissolving: ✓, Diffusion: ✓
- BChemical process: ×, Dissolving: ×, Diffusion: ✓
- CChemical process: ✓, Dissolving: ×, Diffusion: ✓
- DChemical process: ×, Dissolving: ✓, Diffusion: ✓
11.Substance X exists in three physical states as shown in the diagram. Which statement is correct? (State 1: solid, State 2: liquid, State 3: gas)
Medium
- AIn state 1 the particles vibrate around fixed positions but don't move.
- BDiffusion occurs in the phase change from state 1 to 2.
- CThe volume of the substance in state 3 is fixed.
- DCondensation occurs in the phase change from state 2 to state 3.
12.The rate of diffusion of two gases, methane (CH4) and propene (C3H6), is measured. Which gas diffuses faster and why?
Medium
- APropene because its molecules are heavier and move faster.
- BMethane because it is a lighter molecule.
- CPropene because it is unsaturated and more reactive.
- DMethane because its molecules are smaller so they fit through holes more easily.
13.A heating curve for substance B has four regions in order as it is heated: P (the substance warms as a solid), Q (the substance warms as a liquid), R (a horizontal plateau while the substance boils), and S (the substance warms as a gas). Using the kinetic particle model, which statement is correct?
Hard
- AIn region P, the particles gain kinetic energy and move around each other in an irregular arrangement.
- BIn region Q, the particles gain kinetic energy and move further apart as the substance is heated.
- CIn region R, thermal energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between the particles, which are in a random arrangement.
- DIn region S, thermal energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between the particles and they move far apart.
14.The rate of diffusion of four gases, neon (Ne), hydrogen chloride (HCl), ammonia (NH3), and oxygen (O2), is measured in a sealed container. What is the order of the rate of diffusion of the gases from slowest to fastest? (Relative molecular masses: Ne=20, HCl=36.5, NH3=17, O2=32)
Hard
- AHCl → O2 → Ne → NH3
- BO2 → HCl → NH3 → Ne
- CNH3 → Ne → O2 → HCl
- DNe → NH3 → HCl → O2
15.A student closed the lid tightly on an empty metal container which was used for paint. She heated the container over a Bunsen burner on a low flame for a few moments and observed the sides and top of the container bend outwards slightly. Which statement explains her observations?
Medium
- AThe heat increased the pressure inside the container.
- BThe heat deformed the metal which then bent.
- CThe heat made the container reduce in size.
- DMore air particles entered the container.
16.The kinetic theory of matter explores the spatial relationship between the particles in solids, liquids and gases. Which of the following processes causes the distance between particles to increase by the most?
Medium
- AMelting
- BFreezing
- CVaporising
- DCondensation
17.A sample of gas is trapped in a syringe. The volume of the gas is 50 cm³ at a pressure of 100 kPa. The plunger is pushed so that the volume decreases to 25 cm³ while the temperature remains constant. What is the new pressure of the gas?
Medium
- A50 kPa
- B100 kPa
- C200 kPa
- D400 kPa
18.A student places a drop of blue ink into a beaker of still water. Over time, the ink spreads throughout the water. Which statement best explains this observation?
Medium
- AThe ink particles are less dense than water and rise.
- BThe water particles push the ink particles around.
- CThe ink particles move randomly from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
- DThe ink dissolves chemically in the water.
19.Four substances have the following melting and boiling points. | Substance | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) | |---|---|---| | A | -10 | 60 | | B | 0 | 100 | | C | 30 | 200 | | D | -20 | -5 | Which substance is a liquid at 25 °C?
Medium
- ASubstance A
- BSubstance B
- CSubstance C
- DSubstance D
20.Which of the following best describes the movement of particles in a liquid?
Easy
- AThey vibrate about fixed positions.
- BThey move quickly in all directions and are far apart.
- CThey move around each other but remain close together.
- DThey do not move at all.
21.Two gas jars are connected as shown. One contains bromine vapour (orange-brown), the other contains air. After 5 minutes, the colour is evenly spread in both jars. Which process has occurred?
Easy
- AEvaporation
- BDistillation
- CDiffusion
- DCondensation
22.What happens to the particles of a gas when the gas is compressed?
Easy
- AThe particles become smaller.
- BThe particles move faster.
- CThe particles get closer together.
- DThe particles increase in number.
23.A student places a crystal of potassium manganate(VII) in a beaker of water. After several hours, the entire solution is uniformly coloured. Which statement best explains this observation?
Medium
- AThe particles of potassium manganate(VII) are heavier than water and sink, spreading out.
- BThe particles of potassium manganate(VII) dissolve and then diffuse from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
- CThe water particles move into the crystal, causing it to expand and break apart.
- DThe particles of potassium manganate(VII) react with water to form a coloured product that spreads.
24.Which of the following best describes the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Easy
- AParticles are far apart and move quickly in all directions.
- BParticles are close together and arranged in a regular pattern.
- CParticles are close together but arranged randomly.
- DParticles are far apart and vibrate about fixed positions.
25.In an experiment to measure the rate of diffusion of gases, cotton wool soaked in concentrated ammonia solution and cotton wool soaked in concentrated hydrochloric acid are placed at opposite ends of a glass tube. A white ring of ammonium chloride forms. Where does the ring form?
Medium
- AExactly in the middle of the tube.
- BCloser to the ammonia end.
- CCloser to the hydrochloric acid end.
- DAt both ends of the tube.
26.Which statement about the particles in a liquid is correct?
Easy
- AThe particles are arranged in a regular pattern.
- BThe particles vibrate about fixed positions.
- CThe particles are close together and can move past each other.
- DThe particles are far apart and move randomly.
27.Which process is represented by the following description? 'A liquid changes into a gas at a specific temperature, with bubbles forming throughout the liquid.'
Easy
- AEvaporation
- BBoiling
- CCondensation
- DMelting
28.A heating curve plots the temperature of a substance against time as it is heated from a solid, through melting, to a liquid, and then to a gas. Which region of the curve represents the change of state from solid to liquid?
Medium
- AA region where temperature increases with time.
- BA horizontal region where temperature remains constant.
- CA region where temperature decreases with time.
- DA region where the substance is in the gaseous state.
29.Which of the following is a correct statement about the movement of particles in a gas?
Easy
- AThe particles vibrate about fixed positions.
- BThe particles move slowly in a regular pattern.
- CThe particles move quickly in random directions.
- DThe particles do not move.
30.In an experiment, a student places a drop of blue ink into a beaker of still water. Over time, the ink spreads throughout the water. Which statement best explains this observation?
Medium
- AThe ink particles are heavier and sink, then spread.
- BThe ink particles dissolve and then diffuse from high to low concentration.
- CThe water particles push the ink particles around.
- DThe ink particles react with water to form a blue solution.
31.Which of the following statements about diffusion is correct?
Easy
- ADiffusion only occurs in gases.
- BDiffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
- CDiffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
- DDiffusion requires an external energy input to occur.
32.Which of the following correctly describes the movement of particles in a liquid?
Easy
- AParticles vibrate about fixed positions.
- BParticles move quickly in all directions and are far apart.
- CParticles move around each other but remain close together.
- DParticles are stationary and arranged in a regular pattern.
33.What happens to the particles of a liquid when it boils?
Medium
- AThey vibrate faster in fixed positions
- BThey gain enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces and escape as gas
- CThey slow down and move closer together
- DThey change into a solid
34.Gases have a fixed volume.
Easy
True or false?
35.Match each state of matter to the correct description of particle movement.
Easy
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Vibrate about fixed positions
- Move around each other
- Move quickly in all directions
36.Which statement about evaporation is correct?
Medium
- AEvaporation occurs only at the boiling point
- BEvaporation occurs only at the surface of a liquid
- CEvaporation requires bubbles to form throughout the liquid
- DEvaporation is the change from gas to liquid
37.Diffusion occurs faster in liquids than in gases.
Easy
True or false?
38.A sealed syringe contains 30 cm³ of gas at 20 °C. The syringe is heated to 60 °C at constant pressure. What is the new volume of the gas? (Assume pressure remains constant and no gas escapes)
Medium
- A30 cm³
- B34.1 cm³
- C40 cm³
- D25 cm³
39.Which of the following factors increase the rate of diffusion? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AHigher temperature
- BLower temperature
- CHigher concentration gradient
- DSmaller particle size
40.Arrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of diffusion (slowest first): ammonia (NH₃, M_r=17), hydrogen chloride (HCl, M_r=36.5), oxygen (O₂, M_r=32), neon (Ne, M_r=20).
Hard
- hydrogen chloride
- oxygen
- neon
- ammonia
41.Match each state of matter to the correct description of particle arrangement.
Easy
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Regular arrangement
- Random arrangement, close together
- Random arrangement, far apart
42.Arrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of diffusion (slowest first): ammonia (NH₃, M_r=17), hydrogen chloride (HCl, M_r=36.5), oxygen (O₂, M_r=32).
Medium
- ammonia
- hydrogen chloride
- oxygen
43.Complete the sentence:
Easy
The process when a solid changes into a liquid is called ____.
44.State the name of the process when a gas changes into a liquid.
Easy
45.Complete the sentence about state changes.
Easy
The process in which a liquid changes into a gas at a specific temperature, with bubbles forming throughout the liquid, is called ____.
46.Explain, in terms of the kinetic theory, why the pressure inside a sealed can of gas increases when the temperature is increased.
Hard

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