Human Impact Biodiversity Pollution And Conservation

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The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the number of different species in a particular area.
High biodiversity is needed for stable ecosystems.
Human activities force biodiversity downwards, mainly through habitat destruction.
Habitat destruction reduces biodiversity and interrupts food chains and webs.

Energy pyramid showing trophic levels; habitat destruction reduces energy flow at each level.

Reasons for Habitat Destruction

The increasing human population drives habitat destruction for economic activities.
Deforestation is the large-scale clearing of trees, often unsustainable.
Trees are cleared for building, cattle grazing, or monocultures like palm oil.
Habitat destruction also results from pollution from human activities.

Reasons for habitat destruction

Undesirable Effects of Deforestation

Extinction of species due to loss of habitat.
Loss of soil through erosion, leading to reduced fertility.
Flooding because trees no longer absorb water.
Increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as trees are removed.

Undesirable effects of deforestation (Extended)

Endangered Species

An endangered species is at risk of becoming extinct.
Causes include hunting, climate change, pollution, habitat loss, and non-native species.
Low genetic variation increases extinction risk as populations may lack adaptations to environmental changes.

Conservation Measures

Education programmes to raise awareness.
Captive breeding programmes to increase population numbers.
Monitoring and legal protection of species and habitats.
Seed banks store seeds of endangered plants for future growth.

Reasons for Conservation

Moral, cultural, and scientific reasons drive conservation.
Reduces extinction rates and protects food chains and webs.
Protects future food supply, nutrient cycles, and potential sources of medicines and fuels.

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Soal latihan

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1.Define biodiversity.
Easy
2.Which of the following is a reason for habitat destruction?
Easy
- ADeforestation
- BReforestation
- CConservation
- DCaptive breeding
3.High biodiversity is needed for stable ecosystems.
Easy
True or false?
4.State two undesirable effects of deforestation.
Easy
5.What is meant by an endangered species?
Easy
6.Give two reasons why species become endangered.
Easy
7.List three conservation measures that can help endangered species.
Easy
8.Explain why a lack of genetic variation can put a species at risk of extinction.
Hard

Soal lainnya

9.State three reasons for conservation programmes.
Medium
10.Explain how deforestation can lead to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Medium
11.Complete the sentences about deforestation.
Medium
Deforestation is the clearing of trees on a large scale. It can lead to ____ of species, loss of ____, flooding, and an increase of ____ in the atmosphere.
12.Match each conservation measure with its description.
Medium
- Seed banks
- Captive breeding programmes
- Education programmes
- Seeds of endangered plant species are carefully stored
- Endangered animals are bred in controlled environments
- People are taught about the importance of conservation
13.What is biodiversity?
Easy
- AThe number of different species in a particular area
- BThe total number of organisms in an ecosystem
- CThe variety of habitats in a region
- DThe genetic variation within a single population
14.Which of the following is a major reason for habitat destruction by humans?
Easy
- AIncreasing human population
- BNatural climate change
- CVolcanic eruptions
- DSeasonal weather changes
15.Deforestation can lead to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Easy
True or false?
16.Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of deforestation?
Easy
- ALoss of soil
- BFlooding
- CIncrease in atmospheric oxygen
- DExtinction of species
17.Which of the following are reasons why a species may become endangered? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AHunting
- BClimate change
- CIncreased genetic variation
- DLoss of habitat
- EIntroduction of non-native species
18.Arrange the following steps in a conservation programme for an endangered animal species in the correct order:
Medium
- Identify the species at risk
- Implement legal protection
- Monitor population numbers
- Establish a captive breeding programme
19.Which of the following is a conservation measure for plants?
Easy
- ASeed banks
- BCaptive breeding
- CEducation programmes
- DLegal protection of animals
20.Match each human activity with its main effect on biodiversity.
Medium
- Deforestation
- Pollution
- Introduction of non-native species
- Loss of habitat and species extinction
- Contamination reducing species numbers
- Outcompeting native species
21.Arrange the following events in the order they occur when deforestation leads to flooding:
Medium
- Trees are removed
- Soil is exposed to rain
- Soil is washed away
- Rivers and lakes silt up
- Flooding occurs
22.Which of the following are conservation measures that can help endangered species? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AEducation programmes
- BCaptive breeding programmes
- CHunting quotas
- DSeed banks
- EBuilding more roads
23.Which of the following is a reason why a species may become endangered?
Medium
- AIncreased genetic variation
- BIntroduction of a non-native species that outcompetes it
- CStable climate
- DHigh birth rate
24.Which of the following are reasons for conservation programmes? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ATo reduce extinction rates
- BTo protect vulnerable ecosystems
- CTo increase pollution
- DTo maintain nutrient cycles
- ETo provide future medical drugs
25.Put the following steps in a captive breeding programme in the correct order:
Medium
- Breed endangered animals in captivity
- Release offspring into protected habitats
- Monitor released populations
- Collect individuals from the wild
26.A species with low genetic variation is more likely to become extinct due to environmental changes.
Easy
True or false?
27.Match each undesirable effect of deforestation with its explanation.
Medium
- Extinction of species
- Loss of soil
- Flooding
- Increase in atmospheric CO₂
- Habitats are destroyed
- Tree roots no longer hold soil
- Soil washed into rivers raises river beds
- Trees that absorb CO₂ are removed
28.A student measures the biodiversity of two ecosystems: a tropical rainforest and a nearby oil palm plantation. She counts the number of different species in a 10 m² quadrat in each ecosystem. Which set of results is most likely?
Easy
- ARainforest: 45 species; Plantation: 12 species
- BRainforest: 12 species; Plantation: 45 species
- CRainforest: 30 species; Plantation: 30 species
- DRainforest: 45 species; Plantation: 45 species
29.A conservationist collects data on the number of individuals of an endangered bird species over five years. The data are shown in the table. | Year | Number of birds | |---|---| | 1 | 250 | | 2 | 230 | | 3 | 210 | | 4 | 190 | | 5 | 170 | What is the percentage decrease in the bird population from Year 1 to Year 5?
Medium
- A32%
- B68%
- C80%
- D20%
30.Which of the following are reasons why habitat destruction reduces biodiversity? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AIt destroys the food sources of many species.
- BIt increases the number of available niches.
- CIt reduces the area available for species to live.
- DIt can break food chains and webs.
- EIt increases genetic variation within populations.
31.A seed bank is a conservation measure that stores seeds of endangered plant species to preserve genetic diversity.
Easy
True or false?
32.Match each conservation method with its correct description.
Medium
- Captive breeding
- Seed bank
- Legal protection
- Seeds stored for future use
- Breeding species in zoos to increase numbers
- Laws to prevent hunting or habitat destruction
33.A factory releases a pollutant into a river. Scientists measure the number of different species at points downstream. The results are shown. | Distance downstream (km) | Number of species | |---|---| | 0 (factory) | 5 | | 2 | 8 | | 4 | 15 | | 6 | 20 | What can be concluded from the data?
Medium
- APollution reduces biodiversity near the factory.
- BPollution increases biodiversity near the factory.
- CThe number of species is unaffected by the factory.
- DThe factory increases the number of species at all distances.
34.Arrange the following events in the order they occur when deforestation leads to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Medium
- Trees are cut down and burned or left to decompose.
- Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
- Less photosynthesis occurs to remove CO₂ from the air.
- Carbon stored in trees is released as CO₂.
35.A fish species' population in a lake was recorded over 10 years. In year 5, a new predator was introduced. | Year | Fish population | |---|---| | 5 | 1000 | | 10 | 400 | What is the approximate percentage decline in the fish population from year 5 to year 10?
Medium
- A60%
- B40%
- C150%
- D25%
36.A conservationist wants to compare the biodiversity of two forests. She uses the same sampling method in each forest. Which of the following would give the most reliable comparison?
Medium
- AUsing a larger quadrat in forest A than in forest B
- BTaking the same number of random samples in both forests
- CSampling only the most common species in each forest
- DSampling only in sunny areas of both forests
37.Which of the following are valid methods for estimating the population size of a mobile animal species in a habitat? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ACapture-mark-release-recapture
- BUsing a quadrat
- CCounting all individuals in a known area and extrapolating
- DUsing a pitfall trap and counting the catch
- EUsing a pooter to collect all individuals
38.A seed bank stores seeds of endangered plant species in order to preserve genetic diversity.
Easy
True or false?
39.Match each conservation measure with its correct description.
Medium
- Captive breeding programme
- Seed bank
- Legal protection
- Breeding endangered species in zoos to increase population
- Storing seeds of endangered plants for future growth
- Making it illegal to hunt or collect endangered species
40.Arrange the following events in the order they occur when deforestation leads to flooding.
Medium
- Rain hits the bare soil and runs off quickly
- Trees are cut down
- Roots no longer hold soil together
- Water accumulates and causes flooding
- Soil becomes saturated and cannot absorb more water
41.A student measures the biodiversity of a pond using a net. She takes 5 samples and counts the number of different species in each sample. The results are: 8, 7, 9, 8, 10. What is the mean number of species per sample?
Easy
- A8.0
- B8.4
- C8.5
- D9.0
42.Which of the following are undesirable effects of deforestation? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AExtinction of species
- BLoss of soil
- CFlooding
- DIncrease in oxygen in the atmosphere
- EIncrease in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
43.Arrange the following steps in the order they occur when deforestation leads to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Medium
- Trees are cut down and burned or left to decompose
- Carbon stored in trees is released as carbon dioxide
- Less photosynthesis occurs, reducing carbon dioxide uptake
- Carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere
44.What is an endangered species?
Easy
- AA species that is at risk of becoming extinct
- BA species that has already become extinct
- CA species that is commonly found
- DA species that is invasive
45.A student counts the number of different species in a 1 m² quadrat in a grassland. She finds 5 species. She repeats this in 9 other random locations and records the following numbers of species: 4, 6, 5, 3, 7, 5, 4, 6, 5. What is the mean number of species per quadrat?
Medium
- A5.0
- B5.5
- C4.5
- D6.0
46.A lake is polluted by fertiliser runoff, which increases the nitrate concentration in the water. Over the following weeks, the number of fish species living in the lake decreases. Which statement best explains this decrease in fish species diversity?
Hard
- AFertiliser directly poisons fish, reducing species diversity.
- BNitrate causes algal blooms, which deplete oxygen when they decompose, killing fish.
- CNitrate increases plant growth, providing more food for fish, so diversity increases.
- DFertiliser runoff dilutes the lake water, making it uninhabitable for fish.
47.Which of the following is a direct result of deforestation that leads to increased flooding?
Medium
- ATrees absorb less carbon dioxide, causing global warming and melting ice caps.
- BTree roots no longer hold soil, so soil erosion occurs and rivers silt up, reducing capacity.
- CRemoving trees reduces transpiration, so less water vapour enters the atmosphere.
- DDeforestation increases wind speed, which brings more rain.
48.Seed banks are a conservation measure that can help preserve plant species from extinction.
Easy
True or false?
49.A student uses a quadrat to estimate the number of different plant species in a grassland. She places 10 quadrats randomly and counts 4, 5, 3, 6, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6 species respectively. What is the mean number of species per quadrat?
Medium
- A4.5
- B5.0
- C4.0
- D5.5
50.Complete the sentence:
Easy
An endangered species is at risk of becoming ____.
51.A species has a population of 500 individuals. Due to habitat loss, the population decreases by 30% each year. How many individuals remain after one year?
Easy
52.State one reason why high biodiversity is important for stable ecosystems.
Easy
53.Describe two reasons why conservation programmes are important for scientific reasons.
Medium
54.Describe how you could use a quadrat to estimate the biodiversity of plant species in a grassland ecosystem.
Medium
55.Explain how deforestation can lead to loss of soil fertility.
Medium
56.A species has a population of 500 individuals. Due to habitat loss, the population decreases by 30% each year. How many individuals remain after one year?
Easy
- A420
- B315
- C385
- D350

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