Characteristics, Classification & Features Of Organisms

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レッスンノート

Characteristics of Living Organisms (MRS GREN)

Movement: an action causing a change of position or place.
Respiration: chemical reactions breaking down nutrient molecules to release energy.
Sensitivity: ability to detect stimuli and make appropriate responses.
Growth: permanent increase in size and dry mass (cell number/size).
Reproduction: processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
Excretion: removal of toxic metabolic wastes and excess substances.
Nutrition: intake of materials for energy, growth and development.

Concept & Uses of Classification Systems

A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
Linnaeus developed the binomial system: scientific name = Genus (capital) + species (lowercase), e.g.×Homo sapiens×.
Hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (mnemonic: King Philip Came Over For Grand's Spaghetti).
Dichotomous keys use paired statements to identify organisms by their features.
Modern classification uses DNA sequencing; more similar base sequences = more closely related.

Linnaeus's system of classification

The Five Kingdoms

Animals: multicellular, no cell walls/chloroplasts, feed on organic substances.
Plants: multicellular, cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts, feed by photosynthesis.
Fungi: usually multicellular, cell walls not cellulose, saprophytic/parasitic nutrition.
Protoctists: mostly unicellular, some have chloroplasts, varied nutrition.
Prokaryotes (bacteria): unicellular, cell walls not cellulose, no nucleus or mitochondria.

Two examples of protoctist cells

Features of Animals – Vertebrates

All vertebrates have a backbone.
Fish: scales, gills, lay eggs in water.
Amphibians: moist skin, gills as larvae/lungs as adults, lay eggs in water.
Reptiles: dry scaly skin, lungs, lay eggs on land.
Birds: feathers, wings, beak, lay eggs with hard shells.
Mammals: fur/hair, mammary glands, external ears (pinnas), give birth to live young.

Classification of vertebrates

Features of Animals – Invertebrates (Arthropods)

Invertebrates lack a backbone; arthropods have jointed legs and segmented bodies.
Myriapods: many body segments, 1 or 2 pairs of legs per segment.
Insects: 3 body parts, 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of antennae, often 2 pairs of wings.
Arachnids: 2 body parts, 4 pairs of legs, no antennae.
Crustaceans: 2 pairs of antennae, variable legs, often have a carapace.

Classification of arthropods

Features of Plants (Extended)

Plants contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Ferns: leaves called fronds, reproduce by spores on underside of fronds.
Flowering plants: reproduce by flowers and seeds; seeds inside ovary.
Monocotyledons: petals in multiples of 3, parallel leaf veins, narrow grass-like leaves.
Dicotyledons: petals in multiples of 4 or 5, reticulated leaf veins, broad leaves.

Monocotyledon and dicotyledon plant features

Viruses (Extended)

Viruses are not considered living; they do not carry out MRS GREN.
They consist of genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat.
They replicate by taking over a host cell's metabolic pathways.

Structure of a typical virus

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練習問題

無料プレビュー — 46問中8問。すべて見るには登録を。

1.Which characteristic of living organisms is defined as 'the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism'?
Easy
- ARespiration
- BNutrition
- CExcretion
- DGrowth
2.What is the correct order of classification from the broadest to the most specific group?
Easy
- AKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- BKingdom, Class, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- CSpecies, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
- DPhylum, Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
3.The scientific name for the house mouse is Mus musculus. To which genus does it belong?
Easy
- AMus
- Bmusculus
- CMammal
- DVertebrate
4.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms?
Easy
- APhotosynthesis
- BMovement
- CExcretion
- DReproduction
5.A new organism is discovered. It is unicellular, has a nucleus, and feeds on organic matter. To which kingdom does it most likely belong?
Medium
- AProtoctista
- BProkaryotae
- CFungi
- DAnimalia
6.Which group of vertebrates has moist skin and spends part of its life in water?
Easy
- AAmphibians
- BReptiles
- CFish
- DMammals
7.Two species have very similar DNA base sequences. What does this indicate?
Medium
- AThey are closely related and share a recent common ancestor.
- BThey are not related at all.
- CThey belong to the same species.
- DThey have identical physical features.
8.Which of the following is a feature of all arthropods?
Medium
- ASegmented body
- BSix legs
- CTwo pairs of antennae
- DExoskeleton made of chitin

もっと問題

9.What is the main feature that distinguishes mammals from other vertebrates?
Easy
- AThey have hair or fur.
- BThey lay eggs.
- CThey have gills.
- DThey have a backbone.
10.A plant has leaves with parallel veins and flowers with petals in multiples of three. To which group does it belong?
Medium
- AMonocotyledon
- BDicotyledon
- CFern
- DGymnosperm
11.Which characteristic of living organisms is shown when a plant grows towards light?
Easy
- ASensitivity
- BMovement
- CNutrition
- DRespiration
12.A student recorded the body mass and forewing length of five monarch butterflies: | Butterfly | Body mass (g) | Forewing length (mm) | |---|---|---| | 1 | 0.20 | 38 | | 2 | 0.35 | 44 | | 3 | 0.50 | 50 | | 4 | 0.65 | 56 | | 5 | 0.80 | 62 | What is the relationship between body mass and forewing length?
Medium
- AAs body mass increases, forewing length increases.
- BAs body mass increases, forewing length decreases.
- CThere is no relationship between body mass and forewing length.
- DAs body mass increases, forewing length remains constant.
13.In a choice chamber experiment with woodlice, which environmental condition would most woodlice prefer after 10 minutes?
Medium
- ALight and dry
- BLight and moist
- CDark and dry
- DDark and moist
14.A student investigated skin sensitivity using a hairpin. Which area of the arm/hand was most sensitive (detected two prongs at the smallest gap)?
Medium
- APalm
- BForearm
- CElbow
- DAll areas equally sensitive
15.A student plotted a graph of body mass (g) against forewing length (mm) for monarch butterflies. The best-fit line passes through (0.2, 38) and (0.8, 62). What is the estimated body mass for a butterfly with forewing length 55 mm?
Hard
- A0.6 g
- B0.5 g
- C0.7 g
- D0.4 g
16.Which of the following is a characteristic of all living organisms?
Easy
- AMovement
- BPhotosynthesis
- CBreathing
- DCirculation
17.Which of the following would be the correct order of classification from the most specific to the broadest?
Easy
- ASpecies, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
- BKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- CSpecies, Genus, Order, Family, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
- DKingdom, Class, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species
18.A yeast cell, glucose and water are mixed in a test tube. After one hour, bubbles appear. Which process causes this change?
Medium
- ARespiration
- BReproduction
- CGrowth
- DSensitivity
19.In an experiment using a choice chamber, 15 woodlice were placed in the centre and after 10 minutes the numbers in each compartment were recorded. The experiment was repeated twice more. Why was it important to repeat the experiment?
Medium
- ATo ensure the woodlice had enough time to move
- BTo obtain more reliable results and identify anomalies
- CTo keep the woodlice healthy
- DTo allow the woodlice to adapt to the conditions
20.A student investigated skin sensitivity using a hairpin. The table shows the number of occasions (out of 2) on which the prong number was detected correctly at different distances: | Distance between prongs (mm) | Palm | Forearm | Elbow | |---|---|---|---| | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | 10 | 2 | 2 | 1 | | 15 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 20 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Which area is most sensitive?
Medium
- APalm, because it detected correctly at the smallest gap
- BForearm, because it had the highest correct detections overall
- CElbow, because it detected correctly at the largest gap
- DAll areas are equally sensitive
21.In a skin sensitivity experiment using a hairpin, a student closed their eyes while another touched the skin with one or two prongs. Why did the student close their eyes?
Medium
- ATo prevent distraction
- BTo ensure the result is not biased by sight
- CTo make the test more comfortable
- DTo allow the skin to relax
22.A scientist discovers a new organism. It is multicellular, has cells with nuclei and cell walls made of cellulose, and contains chloroplasts. To which kingdom does it belong?
Medium
- AAnimalia
- BPlantae
- CFungi
- DProtoctista
23.The DNA base sequences of four species are compared: Species 1: ATCGATCG Species 2: ATCGATCC Species 3: ATGGATCG Species 4: ATCGATCG Which two species are most closely related?
Easy
- ASpecies 1 and 2
- BSpecies 1 and 3
- CSpecies 1 and 4
- DSpecies 2 and 4
24.Which of the following is a characteristic of all arthropods?
Easy
- AThey have a backbone
- BThey have jointed legs
- CThey have two pairs of antennae
- DThey have moist skin
25.A student measured the body mass (g) and forewing length (mm) of five butterflies. The best-fit line passes through (0.2, 38) and (0.8, 62). What is the estimated body mass of a butterfly with a forewing length of 50 mm?
Medium
- A0.5 g
- B0.6 g
- C0.4 g
- D0.7 g
26.Which of the following is an example of excretion in a plant?
Medium
- AMovement of leaves towards light
- BRelease of oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis
- CTaking in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
- DGrowth of roots into the soil
27.What is the definition of 'growth' as a characteristic of living organisms?
Easy
- AA permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
- BAn action by an organism causing a change of position or place
- CThe chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules to release energy
- DThe removal of toxic materials and waste products of metabolism
28.Which of the following is a defining feature of arthropods?
Easy
- AJointed legs
- BA backbone
- CMoist skin
- DFeathers
29.Which of the following organisms is classified as a prokaryote?
Easy
- AAmoeba
- BMushroom
- CBacterium
- DFern
30.Which characteristic of living organisms is defined as 'the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements'?
Easy
- AExcretion
- BNutrition
- CRespiration
- DSensitivity
31.Which of the following statements about viruses is correct?
Medium
- AViruses are considered living organisms because they can reproduce.
- BViruses have a cellular structure with a nucleus.
- CViruses are not considered living as they do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves.
- DViruses contain both DNA and RNA inside a protein coat.
32.Which of the following is a feature of all fungi?
Medium
- ACells contain chloroplasts
- BFeed by photosynthesis
- CCell walls made of cellulose
- DCells have nuclei but cell walls not made of cellulose
33.Which group of arthropods has two pairs of antennae?
Easy
- AInsects
- BArachnids
- CCrustaceans
- DMyriapods
34.Which characteristic of living organisms is defined as 'the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses'?
Easy
- AMovement
- BSensitivity
- CRespiration
- DExcretion
35.All animals are multicellular and have cells that contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts.
Medium
True or false?
36.Which of the following is a defining feature of mammals that sets them apart from other vertebrates?
Easy
- AThey have a backbone
- BThey have fur or hair
- CThey are warm-blooded
- DThey lay eggs
37.Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose.
Easy
True or false?
38.The scientific name for the domestic dog is Canis lupus familiaris. What is the genus?
Easy
- ACanis
- Blupus
- Cfamiliaris
- Ddog
39.Match each vertebrate class to its correct feature.
Medium
- Mammals
- Birds
- Reptiles
- Amphibians
- Have feathers
- Have moist skin and undergo metamorphosis
- Have fur and feed young on milk
- Have dry scaly skin
40.Arrange the following taxonomic ranks in order from broadest to most specific: Genus, Kingdom, Species, Class, Family, Order, Phylum.
Easy
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
41.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?
Medium
- AThey contain genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- BThey have a protein coat.
- CThey carry out respiration to release energy.
- DThey replicate inside host cells.
42.Match each characteristic of living organisms (MRS GREN) to its correct description.
Medium
- Movement
- Respiration
- Sensitivity
- Excretion
- An action causing a change of position or place
- Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules to release energy
- The ability to detect or sense stimuli and make appropriate responses
- Removal of toxic materials, waste products of metabolism, and substances in excess
43.Which of the following are features of all animals? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AMulticellular
- BCells contain a nucleus
- CCells have cell walls
- DCells contain chloroplasts
- EFeed on organic substances made by other living things
44.Complete the mnemonic for the seven characteristics of living organisms: MRS. ___
Easy
MRS. ____
45.State one way in which DNA sequences can be used to determine evolutionary relationships between species.
Medium
46.Complete the sentence about ferns.
Easy
Ferns do not produce flowers; they reproduce by ____ produced on the underside of their ____.

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