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Reactivity Series & Corrosion Of Metals

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レッスンノート

Reactivity Series

  • The reactivity series lists metals in order of their reactivity based on reactions with water and acids.
  • Non-metals carbon and hydrogen are included for extraction and displacement contexts.
  • Order (most to least reactive): K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, Fe, H, Cu, Ag, Au.
  • Mnemonic: “Please send cats, monkeys and cute zebras into hot countries signed Gordon”.
  • Metals above hydrogen react with dilute HCl; those below do not.
  • More reactive metals react more vigorously with water and acids.

Reactions with Water and Steam

  • K, Na, Ca react with cold water: metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen.
  • K reacts violently, Na quickly, Ca less strongly.
  • Mg reacts very slowly with cold water but vigorously with steam: Mg + H₂O → MgO + H₂.
  • Metals below Mg do not react with cold water or steam.

Reactions with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

  • Metals above H in the series react: metal + 2HCl → metal chloride + H₂.
  • Mg, Zn, Fe react; Cu, Ag, Au do not.
  • Reaction vigour increases with reactivity: Mg > Zn > Fe.
  • K and Na react explosively with acids.

Displacement Reactions (Extended)

  • A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
  • More reactive metals lose electrons more easily (better reducing agents).
  • Example: Mg + CuSO₄ → MgSO₄ + Cu (blue solution fades, copper deposits).
  • No reaction occurs if the added metal is less reactive than the metal in the salt.
  • Displacement experiments can determine relative reactivity order.

Displacement of copper by magnesium

Displacement of copper by magnesium

Explaining Reactivity (Extended)

  • Reactivity depends on the tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions.
  • Metals high in the series lose electrons easily; low metals lose electrons with difficulty.
  • Aluminium appears less reactive due to a protective oxide layer (Al₂O₃).

Rusting of Iron

  • Rusting requires iron, water, and oxygen; product is hydrated iron(III) oxide (reddish-brown).
  • Word equation: iron + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(III) oxide.
  • Only iron or steel rusts; other metals corrode (not rust).
  • Investigating rusting: nail in air+water rusts; nail in boiled water+oil (no air) does not; nail with calcium chloride (no water) does not.

Requirements for rusting

Requirements for rusting

Rust Prevention: Barrier Methods

  • Barrier methods coat iron/steel to exclude water and oxygen.
  • Common barriers: grease, oil, paint, plastic.
  • If the coating is scratched, the iron is exposed and will rust.

Galvanising & Sacrificial Protection (Extended)

  • Galvanising coats iron with a layer of zinc (by electroplating or dipping in molten zinc).
  • Zinc forms ZnCO₃ barrier; if scratched, zinc provides sacrificial protection.
  • Sacrificial protection attaches a more reactive metal (e.g., zinc) to iron.
  • Zinc oxidises preferentially: Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻, protecting the iron.
  • Zinc blocks on ship hulls must be replaced periodically.

Zinc bars on steel ship hulls

Zinc bars on steel ship hulls

スライド

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練習問題

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  1. 1.Which word equation represents the rusting of iron?

    Easy
    • Airon + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(III) oxide
    • Biron + water + hydrogen → hydrated iron(III) oxide
    • Ciron + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(II) oxide
    • Diron + water + hydrogen → hydrated iron(II) oxide

  2. 2.Which of the following metals does NOT react with dilute hydrochloric acid?

    Easy
    • AMagnesium
    • BZinc
    • CCopper
    • DIron

  3. 3.What is the chemical name for rust?

    Easy
    • AIron(II) oxide
    • BIron(III) oxide
    • CHydrated iron(III) oxide
    • DHydrated iron(II) oxide

  4. 4.Which of the following is a correct statement about the reactivity series?

    Medium
    • APotassium reacts more vigorously with cold water than calcium.
    • BCopper reacts with steam to form copper oxide and hydrogen.
    • CCarbon is more reactive than zinc.
    • DGold reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

  5. 5.In the context of rust prevention, what is galvanising?

    Easy
    • ACoating iron with a layer of zinc.
    • BAttaching a more reactive metal to iron.
    • CPainting iron with oil.
    • DPlating iron with copper.

  6. 6.The following section of the reactivity series shows a newly discovered element, Y. The only oxide of Y has the formula YO. Ca Mg Fe Y H Cu Which of the equations shows a reaction which would take place?

    Hard
    • A2Y(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → 2Y⁺(aq) + Cu(s)
    • BY(s) + Fe₂O₃(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3YO(s)
    • CY(s) + 2HCl(aq) → YCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
    • DCu(s) + Y²⁺(aq) → Cu²⁺(aq) + Y(s)

  7. 7.In an experiment to investigate the composition of air, a student left iron nails in a test tube inverted over water. After one week, the water level inside the test tube rose. Which statement explains why the water level rose?

    Medium
    • ANitrogen monoxide was produced.
    • BIron oxide was produced.
    • CThe temperature of the water increased.
    • DSulfur dioxide was produced.

  8. 8.A student adds zinc to copper(II) sulfate solution. Which observations are correct for this reaction?

    Medium
    • ASolution colour stays the same; pale grey crystals forming.
    • BSolution turns darker blue; grey residue on the metal.
    • CSolution turns orange/brown; blue crystals form on the metal.
    • DSolution turns paler blue; orange/brown residue on the metal.

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