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Biological Molecules

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先生の方へ: Biological Molecules(Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award) [CIE]、Biology)向けのすぐ使えるレッスンスライド, 復習ノート — レッスンで使うか、生徒がライブゲームとして遊ぶインタラクティブなクラス活動としてトピックを実施できます。

レッスンノート

Chemical Elements in Living Organisms

  • Most biological molecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon.
  • The three main groups are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
  • These molecules are built from smaller subunits joined together.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are long chains of simple sugars (monosaccharides).
  • Glucose is a monosaccharide; two glucose molecules join to form maltose (a disaccharide).
  • Many glucose molecules join to form starch, glycogen, or cellulose (polysaccharides).
  • Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all made from glucose.

Glycogen, cellulose and starch are all made from glucose molecules

Lipids (Fats and Oils)

  • Most lipids are triglycerides, made of 1 glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acid chains.
  • Fatty acids vary in size and structure.
  • Fats are solid at room temperature; oils are liquid at room temperature.

Structure of a triglyceride: one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains.

Triglyceride (fat)OCOCOCOCOCOCglycerol3 fatty acid chainsester bonds

Proteins

  • Proteins are long chains of amino acids (about 20 different types).
  • All amino acids have the same basic structure but differ in their R group.
  • The sequence of amino acids determines the protein; even a small change produces a different protein.

General structure of an amino acid: central carbon bonded to amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R group.

General amino acidCHRNHHCOOHamino groupcarboxyl groupR = variable side chain

Food Tests

  • Benedict's test for reducing sugars: add Benedict's solution, heat at 60–70°C for 5 min; positive: blue → orange/brick red.
  • Iodine test for starch: add iodine solution; positive: orange-brown → blue-black.
  • Biuret test for protein: add Biuret solution; positive: blue → violet/purple.
  • Emulsion test for lipids: mix sample with ethanol, then add cold water; positive: cloudy emulsion forms.
  • DCPIP test for vitamin C: add sample to DCPIP solution; positive: blue colour disappears.

The Benedict's test for glucose

スライド

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練習問題

無料プレビュー — 48問中8問。すべて見るには登録を。
  1. 1.Which elements are present in all carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

    Easy
    • ACarbon, hydrogen, oxygen
    • BCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
    • CCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
    • DCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
  2. 2.What is the basic structural unit of a carbohydrate?

    Easy
    • AAmino acid
    • BSimple sugar (monosaccharide)
    • CGlycerol
    • DFatty acid
  3. 3.Which test is used to detect the presence of starch?

    Easy
    • ABenedict's test
    • BIodine test
    • CBiuret test
    • DEmulsion test
  4. 4.What colour change indicates a positive result for the Benedict's test for reducing sugars?

    Easy
    • ABlue to violet
    • BOrange-brown to blue-black
    • CBlue to orange/brick red
    • DColourless to cloudy white
  5. 5.A student tests a food sample with Biuret solution and observes a colour change from blue to violet. Which nutrient is present?

    Easy
    • AStarch
    • BGlucose
    • CProtein
    • DLipid
  6. 6.Which of the following is a disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules join together?

    Easy
    • AStarch
    • BGlycogen
    • CMaltose
    • DCellulose
  7. 7.What are the building blocks of proteins?

    Easy
    • AMonosaccharides
    • BGlycerol and fatty acids
    • CNucleotides
    • DAmino acids
  8. 8.A student adds DCPIP solution to a fruit juice sample. The blue colour disappears. What does this indicate?

    Medium
    • AThe juice contains reducing sugar
    • BThe juice contains starch
    • CThe juice contains vitamin C
    • DThe juice contains protein

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