Narrative writing

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レッスンノート

What is a narrative?

A narrative is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether non-fictional (memoir, biography, news report) or fictional (fairy tale, novel, thriller).
Narratives can be presented through written or spoken words, still or moving images, or any combination of these.
Storytelling is the social and cultural activity of sharing narratives; most storytelling has been oral, but literate societies also record narratives in writing.
Narration — the process of constructing a narrative — is one of the four traditional rhetorical modes of discourse, alongside argumentation, description, and exposition.
The word narrative comes from the Latin verb×narrare×('to tell'), which itself comes from×gnarus×('knowing or skilled').

Planning a short story

A strong short story usually has a strong opening, a limited cast of characters, a clear problem, and a satisfying ending.
Keep the cast small so each character can be developed and the reader can follow who matters.
The problem (or conflict) drives the story forward; without it, events feel like a list rather than a narrative.
A satisfying ending resolves the problem in a way that feels earned by the events that came before.

Narrative structures

Linear structure tells events in chronological order from beginning to end.
Cyclical structure ends where it began, often returning to the opening image or situation.
Flashback structure interrupts the present to show earlier events, giving background or revealing secrets.
Choosing a structure helps you decide what the reader learns and when.

Building tension and suspense

Tension grows when the reader knows something is at stake and the outcome is uncertain.
Suspense can be built by delaying information, raising questions, or showing a threat approaching.
Short sentences and careful pacing can make a moment feel urgent; longer sentences can slow the pace and build unease.
Withholding a key detail until later can make the reader want to keep reading.

Writing and punctuating dialogue

Put speech marks around the exact words a character says.
Start a new line for each new speaker so the reader can follow the conversation.
Punctuation goes inside the closing speech mark when it belongs to the spoken words.
Use dialogue tags (such as×said×,×whispered×,×shouted×) and brief action beats to show who is speaking and how.
Dialogue should reveal character, advance the plot, or create tension — not just fill space.

Narrative voice and tense

First-person narration uses×I×or×we×and limits the reader to that narrator's knowledge.
Third-person narration uses×he×,×she×, or×they×and can be limited to one character's perspective or more wide-ranging.
Tense is the time frame of the telling: past tense is most common in narrative writing, while present tense can make events feel immediate.
Choose your voice and tense early and keep them consistent; accidental switches confuse the reader.

Characters and conflict

Characters are the individuals in a narrative; their choices and behaviours propel the plot forward.
The protagonist is the main character around whom the story revolves and who faces the central conflict.
An antagonist opposes, hinders, or fights against the protagonist.
In many traditional narratives the protagonist is a hero who battles for morally good causes, and may face a villain who actively perpetrates evil.
Characters who behave contrary to their established characterisation can confuse or jar the reader.

Fiction and non-fiction

Non-fiction includes creative non-fiction, biography, journalism, and historiography — storytelling grounded fully in facts and history.
Fiction departs from a complete basis in facts and history; it includes short stories, novels, most films, and imaginary narratives in other forms.
Fictionalisation of historical events (myths, legends, historical fiction) has a basis in real events but adds imaginary or supernatural elements.
In the study of literary fiction, it is usual to distinguish first-person from third-person narratives.

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練習問題

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1.In the sentence 'The cat sat on the mat', what word class is the word 'cat'?
Easy
- Anoun
- Bverb
- Cadjective
- Dadverb
2.In the sentence 'She ran quickly to the door', what word class is 'quickly'?
Medium
- Aadverb
- Badjective
- Cnoun
- Dverb
3.Which sentence uses the correct punctuation for direct speech?
Medium
- A"I'm leaving now," she said.
- B"I'm leaving now" she said.
- C"I'm leaving now," she said
4.Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
Medium
- AIt was cold, so I wore a coat.
- BIt was cold so, I wore a coat.
- CIt was cold so I wore, a coat.
- DIt was cold; so I wore a coat.
5.Which of the following are narrative structures? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- Alinear
- Bcyclical
- Cflashback
- Dargumentation
- Eexposition
6.Which of the following are punctuation marks? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- Acomma
- Bapostrophe
- Csemicolon
- Dadverb
- Epronoun
7.A narrative can only be fictional, never non-fictional.
Easy
True or false?
8.In a narrative, the protagonist is the main character around whom the story revolves.
Easy
True or false?

もっと問題

9.Match each narrative term to its correct definition.
Medium
- Protagonist
- Antagonist
- Narrator
- Storytelling
- The main character around whom the story revolves
- A character who opposes or hinders the main character
- The person or voice that tells the narrative
- The social and cultural activity of sharing narratives
10.Place these stages of planning a short story into the order a writer would typically follow.
Medium
- Decide on a clear problem for the main character
- Write a strong opening that hooks the reader
- Build tension towards a climax
- Resolve the problem with a satisfying ending
11.Which of the following are examples of narrative structures? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- ALinear
- BCyclical
- CFlashback
- DArgumentative
- EExpository
12.Which of the following are effective ways to build tension in a narrative? (Select all that apply.)
Hard
- AUsing short, snappy sentences
- BRevealing all the information at the start
- CWithholding key information from the reader
- DDescribing a character's growing fear
- EResolving the conflict early
13.Which sentence uses dialogue punctuation correctly?
Medium
- A"I can't believe it's raining," she said.
- B"I can't believe it's raining" she said.
- C"I can't believe it's raining", she said.
14.Which sentence maintains a consistent narrative tense?
Medium
- AShe walks into the room and saw the letter.
- BShe walked into the room and sees the letter.
- CShe walked into the room and saw the letter.
- DShe walks into the room and seen the letter.
15.A narrative must always have a narrator.
Easy
True or false?
16.A narrative can be presented through still or moving images.
Medium
True or false?
17.Which of these is a narrative?
Easy
- AA list of ingredients for a cake
- BA news report about a local event
- CA dictionary definition of 'cake'
- DA set of instructions for assembling furniture
18.Which sentence punctuates the dialogue correctly?
Medium
- A"I'll be home by six," she said.
- B"I'll be home by six" she said.
- C"I'll be home by six", she said.
19.Which sentence keeps a consistent past tense throughout?
Medium
- AShe walked to the window and saw the storm approaching.
- BShe walks to the window and saw the storm approaching.
- CShe walked to the window and sees the storm approaching.
- DShe is walking to the window and saw the storm approaching.
20.Which of the following are effective ways to create suspense in a narrative? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- AWithholding key information from the reader
- BUsing short, clipped sentences at a moment of danger
- CDescribing the weather in detail for several pages
- DMaking the reader wait before revealing what is behind a door
- EExplaining the protagonist's entire backstory in the opening line
21.A flashback interrupts the chronological order of events to show something that happened earlier.
Easy
True or false?
22.Which sentence uses the most precise verb to show a character moving quietly?
Medium
- AShe crept along the corridor.
- BShe went along the corridor.
- CShe moved along the corridor.
- DShe walked along the corridor.
23.Read this opening: 'Maya's hands trembled as she pushed open the heavy oak door. Dust swirled in the thin beam of light from her torch.' What is the main effect of the word 'trembled'?
Medium
- AIt suggests Maya is nervous or afraid.
- BIt shows Maya is cold.
- CIt tells the reader that Maya is old.
- DIt shows the door is difficult to open.
24.Read this extract: 'The wind howled through the empty streets. Every window was dark, and the only sound was the echo of Sam's own footsteps.' Which atmosphere does the writer create?
Medium
- AA cheerful, busy atmosphere
- BAn eerie, lonely atmosphere
- CA warm, welcoming atmosphere
- DA noisy, crowded atmosphere
25.Read this sentence: 'As the clock struck midnight, the lights flickered and died.' Which two effects does the writer create? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- AA sense of impending danger
- BA feeling of celebration
- CA tense, uncertain mood
- DA humorous tone
- EA calm, peaceful atmosphere
26.Read this sentence: 'The old man shuffled across the room.' Which word best describes the pace conveyed by 'shuffled'?
Medium
- ASlow
- BFast
- CSudden
- DSilent
27.In a narrative, the antagonist is always a villain who is morally evil.
Easy
True or false?
28.Read this extract: 'Lena had always hated the sea. Yet here she was, standing on the deck, watching the waves rise like walls.' What does the extract suggest about Lena?
Medium
- AShe has overcome her fear completely.
- BShe is forced into a situation she dislikes.
- CShe has never seen the sea before.
- DShe is enjoying the view.
29.Read this opening: 'The letter arrived on a Tuesday. It was the last Tuesday before everything changed.' What is the main purpose of the second sentence?
Medium
- ATo describe the weather
- BTo create suspense about future events
- CTo introduce a new character
- DTo explain why the letter was late
30.In the sentence 'The dog barked loudly', what word class is the word 'loudly'?
Easy
- Aadverb
- Badjective
- Cnoun
- Dverb
31.Which of these is a punctuation mark used to show that someone is speaking?
Easy
- Ainverted commas
- Bhyphen
- Capostrophe
- Dsemicolon
32.Which sentence uses the apostrophe correctly to show possession?
Easy
- AThe girl's coat was hanging on the door.
- BThe girls coat was hanging on the door.
- CThe girls' coat was hanging on the door for one girl.
- DThe girl's coat's were hanging on the door.
33.Which sentence uses the comma correctly to separate a subordinate clause from the main clause?
Easy
- AAlthough it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
- BAlthough it was raining we decided, to go for a walk.
- CAlthough, it was raining we decided to go for a walk.
- DAlthough it was raining we decided to go for a walk.
34.Which of the following are punctuation marks used to indicate direct speech? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- Ainverted commas
- Bquestion mark
- Cspeech marks
- Dquotation marks
- Eexclamation mark
35.Read this extract: 'The old house groaned as the wind pushed against its walls. Inside, a single candle flickered, casting long shadows that seemed to move on their own.' Which atmosphere does the extract create?
Medium
- Aeerie and unsettling
- Bcheerful and welcoming
- Ccalm and peaceful
- Dbusy and noisy
36.Which of the following are essential elements of a narrative? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- ACharacter
- BConflict
- CPlot
- DSetting
- ERhyme scheme
37.In a narrative, what term describes a character who opposes, hinders or fights against the protagonist?
Medium
- AAntagonist
- BProtagonist
- CNarrator
- DEnsemble cast
38.Which sentence maintains a consistent past tense throughout?
Medium
- AShe walked to the shop and buys a newspaper.
- BShe walks to the shop and bought a newspaper.
- CShe walked to the shop and bought a newspaper.
- DShe is walking to the shop and bought a newspaper.
39.Read this extract: 'The wind howled through the empty streets. Every window was dark, and the only sound was the echo of Sam's own footsteps.' Which atmosphere does the extract create?
Hard
- AA cheerful and bustling atmosphere.
- BA tense and eerie atmosphere.
- CA warm and welcoming atmosphere.
- DA chaotic and noisy atmosphere.
40.Read this extract: 'The corridor stretched ahead, longer than it had been that morning. Each door was shut. At the far end, a thin line of light crept under the last door.' What is the main effect of the phrase 'longer than it had been that morning'?
Medium
- AIt suggests the corridor has physically changed, creating a sense of the uncanny.
- BIt shows the narrator has forgotten the layout of the building.
- CIt indicates the corridor is poorly lit.
- DIt proves the character is dreaming.
41.What is the term for the main character around whom a narrative revolves?
Medium
42.What is the term for a character who opposes or hinders the protagonist?
Medium
43.Complete the sentence with the correct punctuation mark.
Medium
To separate two independent clauses that are closely related, you can use a ____ instead of a full stop.
44.What is the term for the character who opposes or hinders the protagonist?
Medium
45.Complete the sentence about narrative voice.
Medium
A narrative told using 'I' or 'we' is written in the ____ person, while a narrative using 'he', 'she', or 'they' is written in the ____ person.
46.What is the term for a character who opposes, hinders or fights against the protagonist?
Medium
47.What is the term for the main character around whom the story revolves?
Medium
48.What is the term for the series of connected events that a narrative recounts?
Easy
49.Complete the sentence about narrative structure.
Medium
A narrative that follows events in chronological order from beginning to end uses a ____ structure, while a narrative that ends where it began uses a ____ structure.
50.Name the narrative technique that interrupts the present action to show an event that happened earlier.
Medium
51.In the sentence 'The boy walked quietly into the room', which word is the adverb that describes how he moved?
Medium
52.Complete the sentence about punctuation in dialogue.
Medium
In direct speech, the spoken words are enclosed in ____ marks, and the first word inside them begins with a ____ letter.
53.Explain the difference between a linear narrative structure and a cyclical narrative structure.
Medium
54.Explain how a writer can use flashback to create tension in a narrative.
Hard
55.Explain how a writer can use a cyclical narrative structure to create a sense of closure.
Hard
56.Explain how a writer can use a flashback to create tension in a narrative.
Hard
57.Read this extract: 'The rain hammered on the roof. Inside, the fire crackled and the smell of soup filled the room.' Explain how the writer uses contrast to create mood.
Hard

復習ノート

## Narrative Writing — KS3 Revision **What is a narrative?** Any account of a series of related events or experiences — non-fictional (memoir, biography, news report) or fictional (fairy tale, fable, legend, thriller, novel). A narrative is the telling of some actual or fictitious sequence of connected events to an audience, by a narrator in some cases (and in all cases of written narratives). **Basic elements** — necessary and sufficient to define all works of narrative: - **Character** — the individual persons inside a work of narrative; their choices and behaviours propel the plot forward. - **Conflict** — the central struggle the protagonist encounters. - **Plot** — the connected sequence of events. - **Setting** — where and when events happen. **Character types** - **Protagonist** — the main character, around whom the story revolves, who encounters a central conflict, or who gains knowledge or grows significantly. - **Antagonist** — a character who opposes, hinders, or fights against the protagonist(s). - **Hero** — a sympathetic protagonist who battles (often literally) for morally good causes. - **Villain** — an antagonist who fights against morally good causes and actively perpetrates evil. - **Ensemble cast** — a collection of equally showcased protagonists. - **Stock characters / character archetypes** — broad, familiar character types. **Planning a short story** - Strong opening; a limited cast; a clear problem; a satisfying ending. - **Narrative structures:** linear, cyclical, flashback. - Build **tension and suspense**. - Write and punctuate **dialogue** correctly. - Choose **narrative voice** (first-person or third-person) and **tense**, and keep them consistent. **Narrative voice** - In the study of literary (written) fiction, it is usual to distinguish **first-person** from **third-person** narratives. **Narration** - The formal and literary process of constructing a narrative is called **narration** — one of the four traditional rhetorical modes of discourse, along with argumentation, description, and exposition. - **Storytelling** is the social and cultural activity of humans sharing narratives; the vast majority has taken the form of oral storytelling. **Useful distinctions** - **Personal narrative** — any narrative in prose in which the speaker or writer presents, usually informally and in a spontaneous moment, their own personal experiences. - **Narrative poetry** — distinct from **lyric poetry**, which focuses on the speaker's emotions and lacks a plot, setting, or other required elements. - **Fiction** departs from a complete basis in facts and history; **nonfiction** includes creative nonfiction, biography, journalism and historiography. **Word origin:** *narration* and *narrative* entered English from French in the 15th century; from Latin *narrare* ("to tell"), from *gnarus* ("knowing or skilled").

Narrative: Any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether non-fictional or fictional; the telling of some actual or fictitious sequence of connected events to an audience, by a narrator in some cases (and in all cases of written narratives).
Storytelling: The social and cultural activity of humans sharing narratives; the vast majority of which has taken the form of oral storytelling.
Narration: The formal and literary process of constructing a narrative — one of the four traditional rhetorical modes of discourse, along with argumentation, description, and exposition.
Character: The individual persons inside a work of narrative; their choices and behaviours propel the plot forward.
Protagonist: A main character, around whom the story revolves, who encounters a central conflict, or who gains knowledge or grows significantly across the story.
Antagonist: A character who opposes, hinders, or fights against the protagonist(s).
Hero: A sympathetic protagonist who battles (often literally) for morally good causes.
Villain: An antagonist who fights against morally good causes and actively perpetrates evil.
Ensemble cast: A collection of equally showcased protagonists in some narratives performed by actors.
Stock characters / character archetypes: Broad, familiar ways of classifying types of characters.
Conflict: The central struggle that the protagonist encounters.
Personal narrative: Any narrative in prose in which the speaker or writer presents, usually informally and in a spontaneous moment, their own personal experiences.
First-person narrative: A narrative told from the perspective of 'I'; distinguished in the study of literary fiction from third-person narratives.
Third-person narrative: A narrative told from outside the events, using 'he', 'she' or 'they'; distinguished in the study of literary fiction from first-person narratives.
Narrative poetry: Poetry that tells a story; distinct from lyric poetry, which focuses on the speaker's emotions and lacks a plot, setting, or other required elements.
Lyric poetry: Poetry that focuses on the speaker's emotions and lacks a plot, setting, or other required elements.
Fiction: Narrative that departs from a complete basis in facts and history; includes short stories, novels, most films, and imaginary narratives in other textual forms, games, or live or recorded performances.
Nonfiction: Narrative grounded fully in facts and history; includes creative nonfiction, biography, journalism, historiography, and other storytelling forms.

フラッシュカード

What is a narrative?

Any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether non-fictional or fictional, presented through words, images, or a combination of both.

What is storytelling?

The social and cultural activity of humans sharing narratives; the vast majority of storytelling has taken the form of oral storytelling.

What is narration as a rhetorical mode?

The formal and literary process of constructing a narrative — one of the four traditional rhetorical modes of discourse, along with argumentation, description, and exposition.

From which Latin verb does 'narrative' derive, and what does it mean?

From narrare, meaning 'to tell', itself derived from the adjective gnarus, meaning 'knowing or skilled'.

What is a personal narrative?

Any narrative in prose in which the speaker or writer presents, usually informally and spontaneously, their own personal experiences, such as in casual conversation or text messaging.

How are narratives distinguished from simple descriptions?

Narratives are distinguished from simple descriptions of qualities, states, or situations that do not involve any particular individuals.

What is the difference between fiction and nonfiction narrative?

Nonfiction is grounded fully in facts and history (e.g. biography, journalism, historiography); fiction departs from a complete basis in facts and history (e.g. short stories, novels, most films).

What is fictionalization of historical events?

A form such as myths, legends, historical fiction, and some anecdotes that has a basis in past real-life events but adds imaginary or supernatural events or characters.

What is the usual distinction made in the study of literary fiction?

First-person narratives are distinguished from third-person narratives.

What is narrative poetry, and how does it differ from lyric poetry?

Narrative poetry tells a story and can be fictional (like epics) or nonfictional (like transcript poems); lyric poetry focuses on the speaker's emotions and lacks a plot, setting, or other required elements.

What are characters in a narrative?

The individual persons inside a work of narrative; their choices and behaviours propel the plot forward, and they are typically named humans whose actions and speech convey important motives.

Why are the audience's first impressions of a character important?

First impressions influence how the audience perceives a character, for example whether they empathise with them and feel for them as if they were real.

What happens when a character behaves contrary to their previous patterns of behaviour?

It can be confusing or jarring to the audience, because familiarity with a character creates expectations about how they will behave in later scenes.

What is a protagonist?

A main character around whom the story revolves, who encounters a central conflict, or who gains knowledge or grows significantly across the story.

What is an ensemble cast?

A collection of equally showcased protagonists in a narrative performed by actors.

What is an antagonist?

A character who opposes, hinders, or fights against the protagonist(s).

What is a hero in many traditional narratives?

A sympathetic protagonist who battles, often literally, for morally good causes.

What is a villain?

An antagonist who fights against morally good causes and actively perpetrates evil.

What are stock characters or character archetypes?

Broad types of characters used to classify characters in narratives, beyond the main categories of protagonist and antagonist.

What is conflict in a narrative?

The central struggle a protagonist encounters; it is one of the basic elements necessary to define a work of narrative.

What are the basic elements necessary to define all works of narrative?

Character and conflict, along with the other essential elements scholars commonly call the elements of fiction.

What is a cyclical narrative structure?

A narrative structure in which the story ends where it began, returning to its starting point.

What is a flashback in narrative structure?

A narrative structure that moves back in time to show events that happened before the main story.

Why must narrative voice and tense be kept consistent?

Keeping the chosen narrative voice and tense consistent avoids confusing the reader and keeps the storytelling clear and controlled.

What are the key features of planning a short story?

A strong opening, a limited cast, a clear problem, and a satisfying ending.

What is the purpose of building tension and suspense in a narrative?

It keeps the reader engaged and eager to find out what happens next, driving the story forward.

How is dialogue punctuated in narrative writing?

Speech is enclosed in inverted commas, with a new line for each new speaker and punctuation placed inside the quotation marks.

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