Economic activity and globalisation
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教育者の方へ： Economic activity and globalisation（KS3 Geography、Human Geography）向けのすぐ使えるレッスンスライド, 復習ノート — レッスンで使うか、学習者がライブゲームとして遊ぶインタラクティブなクラス活動としてトピックを実施できます。
レッスンノート
The four sectors of the economy
- Primary sector: taking raw materials from the land or sea — farming, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying.
- Secondary sector: manufacturing — turning raw materials into products, such as steel, cars and clothing.
- Tertiary sector: providing services — retail, teaching, healthcare, transport, tourism, banking.
- Quaternary sector: knowledge and information — research and development, IT, scientific research.
Employment structure changes with development
- Employment structure is the percentage of workers in each sector.
- In lower-income countries most people work in the primary sector, usually farming.
- As a country industrialises, secondary jobs grow (as in the UK in the 19th century and China more recently).
- In higher-income countries most people work in the tertiary sector — in the UK around four out of five workers — and the quaternary sector grows.
- This pattern is shown by the Clark–Fisher model.
The changing UK economy
- In the 20th century many UK coal mines, steelworks and shipyards closed — deindustrialisation.
- Causes included cheaper imports from abroad, the running-out of easily mined coal, and mechanisation replacing workers.
- Service industries grew, especially finance in London, retail, tourism and health.
- Science parks near universities, such as Cambridge Science Park, attract quaternary research companies.
- Remote working and the internet mean more jobs can be done from anywhere.
What is globalisation?
- Globalisation is the growing links and interdependence between countries through trade, investment, communications, travel and culture.
- Goods we buy are often made from parts sourced in many countries.
- Culture spreads too — the same brands, films, music and food are found worldwide.
Causes of globalisation
- Transport: container ships and cheap air freight move goods quickly and cheaply; one large container ship can carry thousands of containers.
- Communications: the internet, mobile phones and satellites let companies manage operations around the world instantly.
- Trade agreements and trade blocs reduce tariffs (taxes on imports).
- Transnational corporations spreading their operations across many countries.
Transnational corporations (TNCs)
- A TNC is a company that operates in more than one country, such as Apple, Nike, Unilever or Toyota.
- Headquarters and research are usually in a higher-income country; factories are often in countries with lower wages.
- Advantages for host countries: jobs, higher wages than local alternatives, new skills, investment in infrastructure, tax income.
- Disadvantages: low pay and poor working conditions in some factories, profits sent back to the home country, pollution, and jobs that can move elsewhere if costs rise.
Global supply chains
- A supply chain is every step in making and delivering a product, from raw materials to the customer.
- A smartphone may use cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, components made in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and final assembly in China before being sold worldwide.
- Long supply chains can be disrupted — for example by conflict, pandemics or a ship blocking a major canal.
- Fast fashion relies on cheap labour in countries such as Bangladesh; the 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse killed more than 1100 workers and raised concerns about working conditions.
スライド
練習問題
無料プレビュー — 47問中8問。すべて見るには登録を。
1.Which sector of the economy involves taking raw materials from the land or sea?
Easy- APrimary
- BSecondary
- CTertiary
- DQuaternary
2.A car factory is part of which sector?
Easy- APrimary
- BTertiary
- CQuaternary
- DSecondary
3.A teacher works in which sector?
Easy- ASecondary
- BQuaternary
- CTertiary
- DPrimary
4.A scientist developing new medicines in a research laboratory works in which sector?
Easy- ATertiary
- BQuaternary
- CPrimary
- DSecondary
5.What is employment structure?
Easy- AThe percentage of workers in each sector of the economy
- BThe number of hours people work each week
- CThe layout of a factory
- DThe ranking of managers in a company
6.In most lower-income countries, which sector employs the largest share of workers?
Easy- ASecondary
- BTertiary
- CQuaternary
- DPrimary
7.Roughly what proportion of UK workers are employed in the tertiary sector?
Easy- AAbout half
- BAlmost none
- CAbout four out of five
- DAbout one in ten
8.Which model shows how employment structure changes as a country develops?
Medium- AThe Butler model
- BThe Clark–Fisher model
- CThe Burgess model
- DThe demographic transition model
過去問
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