Migration

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レッスンノート

What is Migration?

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, in a new location.
It often happens over long distances and between countries, but internal migration (within a single country) is the dominant form of human migration globally.
People may migrate as individuals, in family units, or in large groups.
Migration is often linked to better human capital at both individual and household level, and to better access to migration networks, which can help people make a second move.
Migration has a high potential to improve human development, and some studies confirm it is the most direct route out of poverty.
Age is important for both work and non-work migration.

Types of Migration

Internal migration takes place within a single country; international migration (also called external migration) is movement from one country to another.
Voluntary migration is when people choose to move; forced migration is when people are displaced by events such as natural disasters or civil disturbance.
People forced to move but who stay in their home country are called internally-displaced persons; those who leave their home country may be described as displaced persons.
There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration.
Differential migration involves selective migration, or migration involving only parts of a population group.
Large-scale migration can involve entire ethnic groups shifting their residence, as in the Migration Period (Völkerwanderung) of late antiquity.

Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Migrants are traditionally described as persons who change their country of residence for general reasons, such as better job opportunities or healthcare needs.
Anyone changing their geographical location permanently becomes a migrant.
The UNHCR defines refugees as 'persons forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution'.
Refugees usually must relocate unwillingly and as fast as possible, so they may relocate without documentation.
Asylum seekers leave their country unwillingly but not necessarily under oppressing circumstances such as war or death-threats; their motivation may be an unstable economic or political situation or high rates of crime.
Asylum seekers relocate predominantly to escape the degradation of the quality of their lives.
If an asylum seeker's application is approved, their legal classification changes to that of a refugee.

Push and Pull Factors

Push factors are circumstances that motivate people to leave a place, such as war, persecution, natural disasters, or a poor economic situation.
Pull factors are circumstances that attract people to a new place, such as better job opportunities, healthcare, or a higher quality of life.
Forced displacement, such as from a natural disaster or civil disturbance, is a strong push factor.
People fleeing political, religious, or other types of persecution in their home country may formally request shelter in a host country.
The reasons for refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the source country or other forms of oppression, coming either from government or non-governmental sources.

Migration Patterns and Numbers

The World Bank has published three editions of its Migration and Remittances Factbook, beginning in 2008, with a second edition in 2011 and a third in 2016.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has published ten editions of the World Migration Report since 1999.
The United Nations Statistics Division also keeps a database on worldwide migration.
Structurally, there is substantial South–South and North–North migration; in 2013, 38% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while 23% had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries.
The United Nations Population Fund says that while the North experienced a higher absolute increase in the migrant stock since 2000 (32 million) compared to the South (25 million), the South recorded a higher growth rate.
Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions (2.3%) slightly exceeded that of the developed regions (2.1%).

Internal Migration and Urbanisation

Substantial internal migration can take place within a country, either as seasonal human migration (mainly related to agriculture and tourism to urban places) or as shifts of the population into cities (urbanisation) or out of cities (suburbanisation).
However, studies of worldwide migration patterns tend to limit their scope to international migration.
Nomadic movements are usually not regarded as migrations, as such movement is generally seasonal and there is no intention to settle permanently in the new place.
Only a few people have retained a nomadic lifestyle in modern times.
Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or commuting is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places.

Gender and Migration

Almost half of all migrants are women, one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century.
Women migrate alone or with their family members and community.
Even though female migration is largely viewed as an association rather than independent migration, emerging studies argue complex and manifold reasons for this.

Impacts on Source and Host Countries

Migration can improve human capital at both individual and household level.
It has a high potential to improve human development and can be the most direct route out of poverty.
Better access to migration networks can facilitate a possible second move.
The impacts on source and host countries include economic, social and demographic changes, though the source material focuses on the potential benefits for migrants themselves.

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練習問題

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1.Which term describes the movement of people within a single country, for example from one region of the UK to another?
Easy
- AInternal migration
- BInternational migration
- CEmigration
- DAsylum seeking
2.The UNHCR defines refugees as people who are forced to flee their country. Which reason does this definition give?
Medium
- AViolence or persecution
- BA wish for better healthcare
- CA desire to travel
- DA shortage of housing
3.Which statement best distinguishes an asylum seeker from a refugee?
Medium
- AAn asylum seeker has applied for shelter in a host country and is waiting for a decision; a refugee's application has been approved.
- BA refugee has applied for shelter and is waiting for a decision; an asylum seeker has already been approved.
- CAn asylum seeker moves for better job opportunities, while a refugee moves for healthcare.
- DAn asylum seeker moves within their own country, while a refugee moves to another country.
4.Which of the following are push factors that can force people to leave a place? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AWar or civil disturbance
- BPersecution
- CA natural disaster
- DBetter job opportunities abroad
- EGood healthcare in the destination country
5.Nomadic movements are usually regarded as migration because they involve settling permanently in a new place.
Easy
True or false?
6.Match each migration term to its correct meaning.
Medium
- Refugee
- Asylum seeker
- Economic migrant
- A person forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution
- A person who leaves their country unwillingly and requests shelter in a host country
- A person who moves mainly for better job opportunities or healthcare
7.Put the following stages in the correct order for a person who becomes a refugee.
Medium
- A person is forced to flee their home country because of violence or persecution.
- The person crosses a border and formally requests shelter in a host country.
- The host country approves the application and the person's legal classification becomes that of a refugee.
8.In 2013, what percentage of all migrants had moved from developing countries to other developing countries?
Hard
- A38%
- B23%
- C2.3%
- D32%

もっと問題

9.Which of the following are reasons the UNHCR gives for refugees being forced to flee their country? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Aviolence
- Bpersecution
- Cbetter job opportunities
- Dhealthcare needs
- Eseasonal travel for tourism
10.Match each migration-related term to its correct description.
Medium
- Displaced person
- Internally-displaced person
- Asylum seeker
- Refugee
- Someone forced to leave home by a natural disaster or civil disturbance
- Someone forced to leave home but who remains inside their own country
- Someone who leaves their country unwillingly and formally requests shelter in a host country
- Someone whose application for shelter in a host country has been approved, changing their legal classification
11.Place the following steps in the order in which a person moves from being an asylum seeker to being a refugee.
Medium
- The person leaves their home country unwillingly.
- The person formally requests shelter in a host country.
- The host country reviews the application.
- The application is approved and the person is classified as a refugee.
12.What is the main reason nomadic movements are usually not regarded as migration?
Medium
- AThey involve moving to a different country.
- BThey are generally seasonal and there is no intention to settle permanently in the new place.
- CThey are always forced by war or persecution.
- DThey only happen in cities.
13.Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages or commuting is not regarded as migration when there is no intention to live and settle in the visited places.
Easy
True or false?
14.The United Nations Population Fund reported that between 2000 and 2013 the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions was 2.3%, while in developed regions it was 2.1%. Which statements does this evidence support? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe growth rate of the migrant population was higher in developing regions than in developed regions.
- BThe developed regions had a higher absolute increase in migrant stock than the South.
- CThe South had a higher absolute increase in migrant stock than the North.
- DThe migrant population in developing regions grew more slowly than in developed regions.
- EThere were no migrants in developing regions in 2013.
15.According to the UNHCR definition, what are refugees forced to flee their country because of?
Easy
- ABetter job opportunities and healthcare.
- BViolence or persecution.
- CSeasonal agricultural work.
- DA wish to travel and settle temporarily.
16.Which of the following are true about the World Bank's Migration and Remittances Factbook? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe first edition was published in 2008.
- BA second edition appeared in 2011.
- CA third edition appeared in 2016.
- DIt has been published ten times since 1999.
- EIt is published by the International Organization for Migration.
17.Which statement best describes differential migration?
Medium
- AMigration involving only part of a population group.
- BMigration of an entire ethnic group together.
- CSeasonal movement with no intention to settle.
- DMovement within a single country from one region to another.
18.Which of the following is the dominant form of human migration globally?
Medium
- AInternal migration within a single country
- BInternational migration between countries
- CNomadic movement
- DTemporary commuting
19.Which of these is a pull factor that attracts migrants to a destination?
Easy
- ABetter job opportunities
- BWar or conflict
- CNatural disaster
- DPersecution
20.Which of the following best describes a consequence of migration for a source country?
Medium
- ALoss of skilled workers (brain drain)
- BIncrease in population density
- CMore cultural diversity
- DIncreased pressure on housing
21.What is the main reason why nomadic movements are generally not considered migration?
Medium
- AThey are seasonal and there is no intention to settle permanently
- BThey involve crossing international borders
- CThey are always forced
- DThey only occur in developing countries
22.Which of the following are push factors that can cause people to migrate? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AWar and conflict
- BNatural disasters
- CBetter healthcare
- DPersecution
- EHigher wages
23.Which of the following are impacts of migration on host countries? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AIncreased cultural diversity
- BStrain on public services
- CLoss of skilled workers
- DEconomic growth through filling labour shortages
- ERemittances sent home
24.Migration always involves moving to a new country.
Easy
True or false?
25.Asylum seekers are people who leave their country unwillingly but not necessarily due to war or death threats.
Easy
True or false?
26.Match each migration term to its correct description.
Medium
- Migrant
- Refugee
- Asylum seeker
- A person who moves for general reasons such as work or healthcare
- A person forced to flee their country due to violence or persecution
- A person who leaves their country unwillingly but not under direct oppression
27.Place the following steps in the correct order for a person who becomes a refugee.
Medium
- Person is forced to flee their home country
- Person arrives in a host country and applies for asylum
- Person is granted refugee status
28.
A data table shows the following shares of all international migrants in 2013:
Migration route Share of all migrants
Developing country to developing country 38%
High-income OECD country to high-income OECD country 23%
Which conclusion does this table best support?
Medium
- ASouth–South migration was larger than North–North migration in 2013
- BNorth–North migration was larger than South–South migration in 2013
- CMost migrants in 2013 moved from developing to developed countries
- DMigration between developing countries had stopped by 2013
29.A report states: 'While the North has experienced a higher absolute increase in the migrant stock since 2000 (32 million) compared to the South (25 million), the South recorded a higher growth rate.' Which statement is best supported by this evidence?
Medium
- AThe North gained more migrants in total, but the South's migrant population grew faster
- BThe South gained more migrants in total than the North
- CThe North's migrant population grew faster than the South's
- DBoth regions gained exactly the same number of migrants
30.A data table shows that in 2013, 38% of all migrants moved from developing countries to other developing countries. This means that South–South migration was a smaller share of all migration than North–North migration in that year.
Easy
True or false?
31.A map shows a scale of 1:50,000 and two settlements, A and B, that are 6 cm apart on the map. Which of the following statements are correct? (select all that apply)
Medium
- A1 cm on the map represents 0.5 km on the ground
- BThe real distance between A and B is 3 km
- CThe real distance between A and B is 30 km
- DThe scale means 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm on the ground
- EThe real distance between A and B is 300 km
32.A short report about a coastal town says: 'Since 2015, the number of people born outside the UK living in the town has risen from 2,000 to 5,000. Local employers say they have filled vacancies in food processing and care work.' Which interpretation is best supported by this evidence?
Hard
- AInternational migration has increased the town's labour supply in some low-wage sectors
- BInternational migration has caused all local people to become unemployed
- CThe town's population has fallen because of migration
- DMigrants in the town are mostly refugees fleeing war
33.A student writes: 'Internal migration is the dominant form of human migration globally.' Which piece of evidence best supports this statement?
Medium
- AMovements within a single country are more common worldwide than movements between countries
- BMost people who move do so to escape war or persecution
- CNomadic movements are seasonal and do not involve permanent settlement
- DThe World Bank has published three editions of its Migration and Remittances Factbook
34.A news extract states: 'The number of people applying for asylum in the country rose sharply last year, mainly from countries experiencing high crime rates and unstable economies.' According to the definitions used in migration studies, why are these people described as asylum seekers rather than refugees?
Medium
- AThey have left unwillingly but not necessarily because of war or death threats
- BThey are moving temporarily for work and intend to return home
- CThey are moving within their own country rather than between countries
- DThey have already been granted legal refugee status
35.Match each statement about migration evidence to the correct conclusion.
Medium
- In 2013, 38% of migrants moved from developing to developing countries
- The North's migrant stock rose by 32 million between 2000 and 2013
- Nomadic movement is seasonal and has no intention of permanent settlement
- Asylum seekers leave their country unwillingly but not necessarily due to war
- South–South migration is a major global pattern
- The North had a larger absolute increase in migrants than the South
- This movement is usually not classified as migration
- Their motivation may be economic instability or high crime rates
36.Place the following stages in the correct order for a person who leaves their country and later becomes a refugee, according to the definitions used in migration studies.
Medium
- The person is forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution
- The person arrives in another country and requests shelter
- The person is an asylum seeker while their application is considered
- The application is approved and their legal classification changes to refugee
37.Which of the following is a pull factor that attracts migrants to a destination?
Easy
- ABetter job opportunities
- BWar in the home country
- CDrought and crop failure
- DHigh crime rates
38.According to the UNHCR, refugees are persons forced to flee their country because of which of the following?
Medium
- AViolence or persecution
- BBetter healthcare needs
- CSeasonal agricultural work
- DTourism and pilgrimage
39.Which term describes a person who is forced to leave their home but remains inside their own country?
Medium
- AInternally displaced person
- BRefugee
- CAsylum seeker
- DEconomic migrant
40.In 2013, what percentage of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries?
Medium
- A38%
- B23%
- C2.3%
- D25%
41.What term describes a person who is forced to leave their home but remains inside their own country?
Medium
42.In what year was the first edition of the World Bank's Migration and Remittances Factbook published?
Medium
43.Complete the sentence about types of migration.
Easy
Movement from one country to another is called ____ migration, while movement within a single country is called ____ migration.
44.In 2013, what percentage of all migrants had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries?
Medium
45.Complete the sentence about forms of migration.
Medium
The four major forms of migration are invasion, conquest, ____, and emigration/immigration.
46.Which type of migration is the dominant form of human migration globally?
Medium
47.According to the United Nations Population Fund, between 2000 and 2013, what was the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions (as a percentage)?
Medium
48.Complete the sentence about migration patterns.
Medium
In 2013, ____% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while ____% had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries.
49.The World Bank published the third edition of its Migration and Remittances Factbook in which year?
Medium
50.Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developed regions was what percentage? Enter the number only.
Medium
51.According to the United Nations Population Fund, how many millions did the migrant stock in the North increase by in absolute terms between 2000 and 2013? Enter the number of millions only.
Medium
52.Complete the sentence about migration patterns using the correct percentages.
Easy
In 2013, ____% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while ____% had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries.
53.Explain one difference between a voluntary migrant and a forced migrant.
Hard
54.Explain the difference between a voluntary migrant and a forced migrant.
Hard
55.Explain one difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee.
Hard
56.Explain why nomadic movements are usually not regarded as migration.
Hard
57.A data table shows that between 2000 and 2013 the average annual rate of change of the migrant population was 2.3% in developing regions and 2.1% in developed regions. Explain what this evidence suggests about migration trends in that period.
Hard
58.In what year was the first edition of the World Bank's Migration and Remittances Factbook published?
Medium
- A2209
- B2410
- C1807
- D2008
59.In 2013, what percentage of all migrants had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries?
Medium
- A25 %
- B23 %
- C21 %
- D27 %
60.According to the United Nations Population Fund, between 2000 and 2013, what was the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions (as a percentage)?
Medium
- A1.3 %
- B4.3 %
- C2.3 %
- D3.3 %
61.The World Bank published the third edition of its Migration and Remittances Factbook in which year?
Medium
- A2420
- B2016
- C2218
- D1814
62.Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developed regions was what percentage? Enter the number only.
Medium
- A4.1 %
- B2.1 %
- C1.1 %
- D3.1 %
63.According to the United Nations Population Fund, how many millions did the migrant stock in the North increase by in absolute terms between 2000 and 2013? Enter the number of millions only.
Medium
- A29 million
- B32 million
- C38 million
- D35 million

復習ノート

## Migration — KS3 Geography Revision **Migration** is the movement of people from one place to another, with the intention of settling permanently or temporarily in a new location. ### Types of migration - **Internal migration** — within a single country. This is the **dominant form of human migration globally**. - **International (external) migration** — from one country to another, often over long distances. - **Voluntary** — people choose to move (e.g. for work or healthcare). - **Forced** — people must move unwillingly (e.g. war, persecution, natural disaster). ### Who moves? Migrants fall into three broad categories based on their goals and reasons: - **Migrants** — people who change their country of residence for general reasons, such as better job opportunities or healthcare needs. Anyone changing their geographical location permanently becomes a migrant. - **Refugees** — defined by the UNHCR as **"persons forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution"**. Causes usually involve war or oppression, from government or non-governmental sources. They must relocate unwillingly and as fast as possible, so may move without documentation. - **Asylum seekers** — people who also leave their country unwillingly, but not under oppressing circumstances such as war or death-threats. They may be escaping an unstable economic or political situation or high crime rates, mainly to escape degradation in their quality of life. If their application for shelter is approved, their legal classification changes to **refugee**. People forced from home by events such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance may be called **displaced persons**; if they stay in their home country they are **internally-displaced persons**. ### What is not migration - **Nomadic movements** — generally seasonal, with no intention to settle permanently. - **Temporary movement** — travel, tourism, pilgrimages or commuting, where there is no intention to live and settle. ### Patterns and numbers - There is substantial **South–South** and **North–North** migration. In 2013, 38% of all migrants moved from developing to developing countries, and 23% from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries. - Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions (2.3%) slightly exceeded that of developed regions (2.1%). - **Almost half of all migrants are women** — one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century. - Internal migration includes **seasonal migration** (often linked to agriculture and tourism), **urbanisation** (shifts into cities) and **suburbanisation** (shifts out of cities). - Migration can improve **human development** and is described as the most direct route out of poverty; it is linked to better human capital and access to migration networks, which can facilitate a second move. ### Other key ideas - **Differential migration** — selective migration, or migration involving only parts of a population group. This contrasts with large-scale migration of whole ethnic groups, such as the **Migration Period** (Völkerwanderung) of late antiquity. - The four major forms of migration are **invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration**. - People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups; **age** matters for both work and non-work migration.

Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
Internal migration: Migration within a single country; the dominant form of human migration globally.
International (external) migration: Migration from one country to another, often over long distances.
Migrant: A person who changes the country of residence for general reasons, such as better job opportunities or healthcare needs.
Refugee: As defined by the UNHCR, "persons forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution".
Asylum seeker: A person who leaves their country unwillingly, but not under oppressing circumstances such as war or death-threats; they may be escaping an unstable economic or political situation or high crime rates.
Displaced person: A person forced from home by events such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance.
Internally-displaced person: A displaced person who remains in their home country.
Differential migration: Selective migration, or migration involving parts of a population group.
Nomadic movement: Seasonal movement with no intention to settle permanently in the new place; usually not regarded as migration.
Urbanisation: The shift of population into cities.
Suburbanisation: The shift of population out of cities.

フラッシュカード

Define human migration.

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.

What is the difference between internal and international migration?

Internal migration is movement within a single country; international migration is movement from one country to another.

Which is the dominant form of human migration globally?

Internal migration (within a single country) is the dominant form of human migration globally.

What is voluntary migration?

Voluntary migration is when people choose to move for reasons such as better job opportunities, healthcare, or education.

What is forced migration?

Forced migration is when people must leave their home due to factors such as war, persecution, natural disasters, or civil disturbance.

What are push factors in migration?

Push factors are negative conditions that drive people away from a place, such as war, persecution, or lack of jobs.

What are pull factors in migration?

Pull factors are positive conditions that attract people to a new place, such as better job opportunities, healthcare, or safety.

Define a refugee according to the UNHCR.

A refugee is a person forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution.

What is an asylum seeker?

An asylum seeker is a person who leaves their country unwillingly to escape unstable economic or political conditions or high crime rates, and formally requests shelter in another country.

What is the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker?

A refugee flees due to violence or persecution, while an asylum seeker leaves to escape degradation of quality of life, such as economic or political instability, and requests protection.

What is an economic migrant?

An economic migrant is a person who moves to another country or region to improve their standard of living, often for better job opportunities.

What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

An internally displaced person is someone forced to leave their home but who remains within their own country.

What is differential migration?

Differential migration is selective migration involving only parts of a population group, rather than the whole group.

Why are nomadic movements not usually regarded as migration?

Nomadic movements are generally seasonal and there is no intention to settle permanently in the new place.

Give one impact of migration on a source country.

Migration can reduce pressure on resources and lead to remittances sent back by migrants, but it may also cause a loss of skilled workers (brain drain).

Give one impact of migration on a host country.

Migration can provide a larger workforce and cultural diversity, but it may also put pressure on housing, healthcare, and schools.

What is the relationship between migration and poverty?

Some studies confirm that migration is the most direct route out of poverty, as it can improve human development.

What is the role of age in migration?

Age is important for both work and non-work migration, as different age groups have different reasons and abilities to move.

What are the four major forms of migration?

The four major forms are invasion, conquest, colonization, and emigration/immigration.

What is the difference between emigration and immigration?

Emigration is leaving one's own country to settle in another; immigration is entering and settling in a new country.

What is the Migration Period (Völkerwanderung)?

The Migration Period was a large-scale migration in late antiquity when entire ethnic groups shifted their residence.

What is seasonal human migration?

Seasonal human migration is the temporary movement of people, often related to agriculture or tourism, without the intention to settle permanently.

What is urbanisation?

Urbanisation is the shift of population into cities.

What is suburbanisation?

Suburbanisation is the shift of population out of cities and into surrounding areas.

What proportion of international migrants are women?

Almost half of international migrants are women, which is one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century.

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Migration route	Share of all migrants
Developing country to developing country	38%
High-income OECD country to high-income OECD country	23%