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Biological Molecules

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선생님을 위해: Biological Molecules(Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award) [CIE], Biology)을(를) 위한 바로 쓸 수 있는 수업 슬라이드, 복습 노트 — 수업에 사용하거나, 학생들이 실시간 게임으로 즐기는 인터랙티브 클래스 활동으로 진행하세요.

수업 노트

Chemical Elements in Living Organisms

  • Most biological molecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon.
  • The three main groups are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
  • These molecules are built from smaller subunits joined together.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are long chains of simple sugars (monosaccharides).
  • Glucose is a monosaccharide; two glucose molecules join to form maltose (a disaccharide).
  • Many glucose molecules join to form starch, glycogen, or cellulose (polysaccharides).
  • Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all made from glucose.

Glycogen, cellulose and starch are all made from glucose molecules

Lipids (Fats and Oils)

  • Most lipids are triglycerides, made of 1 glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acid chains.
  • Fatty acids vary in size and structure.
  • Fats are solid at room temperature; oils are liquid at room temperature.

Structure of a triglyceride: one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains.

Triglyceride (fat)OCOCOCOCOCOCglycerol3 fatty acid chainsester bonds

Proteins

  • Proteins are long chains of amino acids (about 20 different types).
  • All amino acids have the same basic structure but differ in their R group.
  • The sequence of amino acids determines the protein; even a small change produces a different protein.

General structure of an amino acid: central carbon bonded to amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R group.

General amino acidCHRNHHCOOHamino groupcarboxyl groupR = variable side chain

Food Tests

  • Benedict's test for reducing sugars: add Benedict's solution, heat at 60–70°C for 5 min; positive: blue → orange/brick red.
  • Iodine test for starch: add iodine solution; positive: orange-brown → blue-black.
  • Biuret test for protein: add Biuret solution; positive: blue → violet/purple.
  • Emulsion test for lipids: mix sample with ethanol, then add cold water; positive: cloudy emulsion forms.
  • DCPIP test for vitamin C: add sample to DCPIP solution; positive: blue colour disappears.

The Benedict's test for glucose

슬라이드

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연습 문제

무료 미리 보기 — 48개 중 8개 문제. 가입하면 전부 볼 수 있어요.
  1. 1.Which elements are present in all carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

    Easy
    • ACarbon, hydrogen, oxygen
    • BCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
    • CCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
    • DCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
  2. 2.What is the basic structural unit of a carbohydrate?

    Easy
    • AAmino acid
    • BSimple sugar (monosaccharide)
    • CGlycerol
    • DFatty acid
  3. 3.Which test is used to detect the presence of starch?

    Easy
    • ABenedict's test
    • BIodine test
    • CBiuret test
    • DEmulsion test
  4. 4.What colour change indicates a positive result for the Benedict's test for reducing sugars?

    Easy
    • ABlue to violet
    • BOrange-brown to blue-black
    • CBlue to orange/brick red
    • DColourless to cloudy white
  5. 5.A student tests a food sample with Biuret solution and observes a colour change from blue to violet. Which nutrient is present?

    Easy
    • AStarch
    • BGlucose
    • CProtein
    • DLipid
  6. 6.Which of the following is a disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules join together?

    Easy
    • AStarch
    • BGlycogen
    • CMaltose
    • DCellulose
  7. 7.What are the building blocks of proteins?

    Easy
    • AMonosaccharides
    • BGlycerol and fatty acids
    • CNucleotides
    • DAmino acids
  8. 8.A student adds DCPIP solution to a fruit juice sample. The blue colour disappears. What does this indicate?

    Medium
    • AThe juice contains reducing sugar
    • BThe juice contains starch
    • CThe juice contains vitamin C
    • DThe juice contains protein

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