Reproduction In Plants And Humans

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수업 노트

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells or fertilisation.
Only one parent is required; offspring are genetically identical (clones).
Examples: bacteria (binary fission), plants (bulbs, tubers, runners).
Advantage in crops: desirable traits (high yield, disease resistance) are preserved.

Binary fission in bacteria

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves fusion of nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote.
Offspring are genetically different from each other and from parents.
Gamete nuclei are haploid (half chromosome number; in humans, 23).
Zygote nucleus is diploid (full chromosome number; in humans, 23 pairs).
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in a population.

Haploid and diploid cells

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Flowers are the reproductive organs; male parts produce pollen (male gamete), female parts contain ovules (female gamete).
Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma; can be insect or wind.
Fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with an ovule nucleus, forming a zygote that develops into a seed.
Insect-pollinated flowers: large, scented petals, sticky pollen, nectar guides.
Wind-pollinated flowers: small, dull petals, long filaments, feathery stigmas, light pollen.
Germination requires water, oxygen, and suitable temperature; carbon dioxide is not needed.

Structure of an insect-pollinated flower

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

Male reproductive system: testes produce sperm; sperm duct, seminal vesicle, urethra, penis.
Female reproductive system: ovaries produce eggs; oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, vagina.
Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct; sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form a zygote.
Sperm adapted: tail for movement, many mitochondria for energy, acrosome for penetrating egg.
Egg adapted: large cytoplasm with nutrients, jelly coat to prevent multiple sperm entry.

A sperm cell and an egg cell

Sexual Hormones in Humans

Testosterone (male) and oestrogen (female) control secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.
Female secondary characteristics: breast development, widening of hips, onset of menstruation.
Male secondary characteristics: deepening of voice, growth of facial/body hair, muscle growth.
The menstrual cycle averages 28 days; ovulation occurs around day 14.
If fertilisation does not occur, the uterus lining breaks down (menstruation).

Changes to the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle

Sexually Transmitted Infections

STIs are passed via exchange of body fluids during unprotected sex.
HIV is a viral STI that attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS.
HIV spreads through unprotected sex, sharing needles, blood transfusions, mother to fetus/breastfeeding.
Prevention: use condoms, get tested, avoid needle sharing, screen during pregnancy.

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연습 문제

무료 미리 보기 — 56개 중 8개 문제. 가입하면 전부 볼 수 있어요.

1.Which of the following is a characteristic of asexual reproduction?
Easy
- AInvolves fusion of gametes
- BOffspring are genetically identical to the parent
- CRequires two parents
- DIncreases genetic variation
2.Name the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually.
Easy
3.Which part of a flower contains the female gamete?
Easy
- AAnther
- BStigma
- COvule
- DFilament
4.Complete the sentence: In sexual reproduction, the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes forms a ______.
Easy
In sexual reproduction, the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes forms a ____.
5.Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.
Easy
True or false?
6.State two adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers.
Medium
7.How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?
Easy
- A23
- B21
- C27
- D25
8.Where does fertilisation occur in the human female reproductive system?
Easy
- AOvary
- BUterus
- COviduct
- DVagina

더 많은 문제

9.Arrange the following events in the correct order for fertilisation in a flowering plant: (a) pollen nucleus moves down pollen tube, (b) pollen grain lands on stigma, (c) zygote forms, (d) pollen tube grows down style.
Medium
- pollen grain lands on stigma
- pollen tube grows down style
- pollen nucleus moves down pollen tube
- zygote forms
10.Name the hormone responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics.
Easy
11.Match each part of the male reproductive system with its function.
Medium
- Testis
- Sperm duct
- Prostate gland
- Urethra
- Produces sperm
- Carries sperm to urethra
- Produces fluid to nourish sperm
- Carries sperm out of the body
12.Which of the following is NOT a method of HIV transmission?
Medium
- ASharing needles
- BUnprotected sexual intercourse
- CSharing food with an infected person
- DFrom mother to baby during pregnancy
13.What is the main difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Medium
- AAsexual reproduction involves two parents, sexual reproduction involves one
- BAsexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring, sexual reproduction produces genetically different offspring
- CAsexual reproduction produces gametes, sexual reproduction does not
- DAsexual reproduction requires fertilisation, sexual reproduction does not
14.In sexual reproduction, the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes forms a zygote.
Easy
True or false?
15.Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction in crop plants?
Medium
- AIt increases genetic variation in the crop
- BIt allows the production of many identical plants with desirable traits
- CIt makes the plants more resistant to diseases
- DIt reduces the need for water and nutrients
16.Match each flower part with its function.
Medium
- Anther
- Stigma
- Ovary
- Produces pollen grains
- Receives pollen grains
- Contains ovules
17.Arrange the following events in the correct order for fertilisation in a flowering plant: (a) pollen nucleus moves down pollen tube, (b) pollen grain lands on stigma, (c) pollen tube grows down style, (d) pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus.
Medium
- pollen grain lands on stigma
- pollen tube grows down style
- pollen nucleus moves down pollen tube
- pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus
18.The male hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristics is oestrogen.
Easy
True or false?
19.Which of the following is a condition required for seed germination?
Easy
- ACarbon dioxide
- BLight
- CWater
- DSoil
20.Which of the following is a method of asexual reproduction in plants?
Medium
- ABinary fission
- BBudding using bulbs or tubers
- CFormation of seeds
- DPollination
21.In sexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
Easy
True or false?
22.Arrange the following events in the correct order for fertilisation in a flowering plant: (a) pollen tube grows down the style, (b) pollen grain lands on stigma, (c) pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus, (d) pollen nucleus moves down the pollen tube.
Medium
- pollen grain lands on stigma
- pollen tube grows down the style
- pollen nucleus moves down the pollen tube
- pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus
23.Which of the following conditions are required for seed germination? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AWater
- BOxygen
- CCarbon dioxide
- DSuitable temperature
24.Which of the following is an adaptation of wind-pollinated flowers?
Medium
- ALarge, brightly coloured petals
- BFeathery stigmas that hang outside the flower
- CSticky pollen grains
- DNectar production
25.Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Easy
- AOestrogen
- BTestosterone
- CProgesterone
- DInsulin
26.Which of the following are ways HIV can be transmitted? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASharing needles with an infected person
- BSharing food with an infected person
- CFrom mother to baby during pregnancy
- DUnprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
27.A student investigates the conditions required for seed germination. Four boiling tubes are set up with cress seeds on cotton wool. Tube A: water and oxygen present, 20°C. Tube B: water present, no oxygen, 20°C. Tube C: no water, oxygen present, 20°C. Tube D: water and oxygen present, 4°C. After one week, which tube is expected to show the most germination?
Medium
- ATube A
- BTube B
- CTube C
- DTube D
28.Which of the following are adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ALarge, brightly coloured petals
- BFeathery stigmas
- CAnthers hanging outside the flower
- DNectar production
- ESmall, light pollen grains
29.Arrange the following events in the correct order for fertilisation in a flowering plant.
Medium
- Pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus
- Pollen tube grows down the style
- Pollen grain lands on stigma
- Pollen nucleus moves down pollen tube
30.A farmer wants to produce a crop of strawberry plants that are all genetically identical to a parent plant that has high yield and disease resistance. Which method should the farmer use?
Medium
- AGrowing the plants from seeds obtained from the parent
- BUsing runners from the parent plant
- CCross-pollinating the parent with another high-yield plant
- DPlanting seeds from a different strawberry variety
31.HIV can be transmitted by sharing needles with an infected person.
Easy
True or false?
32.Which of the following are conditions required for seed germination? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AWater
- BCarbon dioxide
- COxygen
- DLight
- ESuitable temperature
33.Which of the following are methods of asexual reproduction in plants? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ARunners
- BBulbs
- CPollination
- DTubers
34.Which of the following is the male gamete in flowering plants?
Easy
- APollen nucleus
- BOvule
- CSperm
- DEgg cell
35.The nucleus of a human gamete contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Easy
True or false?
36.Which part of the male reproductive system produces sperm?
Easy
- AProstate gland
- BTestis
- CSperm duct
- DUrethra
37.Match each part of the female reproductive system with its function.
Medium
- Ovary
- Oviduct
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Produces eggs
- Site of fertilisation
- Where fetus develops
- Opening to the vagina
38.Which of the following is a characteristic of insect-pollinated flowers?
Easy
- ALarge, colourful petals
- BFeathery stigmas
- CSmall, dull petals
- DAnthers hanging outside the flower
39.Which of the following are adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ALarge, brightly coloured petals
- BFeathery stigma
- CNectar production
- DAnthers hanging outside the flower
- ESticky pollen grains
40.Place the following events in the correct order for fertilisation in a flowering plant.
Medium
- Pollen tube grows down the style
- Pollen grain lands on stigma
- Pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus
- Pollen nucleus moves down the pollen tube
41.The male secondary sexual characteristics are controlled by the hormone oestrogen.
Easy
True or false?
42.A student sets up four boiling tubes with cress seeds on cotton wool: Tube A: water, oxygen present, 20°C; Tube B: no water, oxygen present, 20°C; Tube C: water, oxygen present, 4°C; Tube D: water, no oxygen, 20°C. After one week, which tube would show the most germination?
Medium
- ATube A
- BTube B
- CTube C
- DTube D
43.A plant breeder wants to produce a large number of strawberry plants that are all genetically identical to a parent plant that has high yield and resistance to disease. Which method of reproduction should the breeder use?
Medium
- ASexual reproduction using seeds from the parent plant
- BAsexual reproduction using runners from the parent plant
- CCross-pollination between two different high-yield plants
- DFertilisation of the parent plant's ovules with pollen from a resistant plant
44.The diagram shows a flower. Which labelled part is the stigma?
Easy
- APetal
- BAnther
- CStigma
- DSepal
45.Complete the sentence: Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called ______.
Easy
Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called ____.
46.Complete the sentence: In humans, the male gamete is called a sperm cell and the female gamete is called an ______.
Easy
In humans, the male gamete is called a sperm cell and the female gamete is called an ____.
47.How many chromosomes are present in a normal human body cell?
Easy
48.Name the structure in the female reproductive system where fertilisation occurs.
Easy
49.A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a human zygote?
Easy
50.Complete the sentence about the menstrual cycle.
Easy
Ovulation occurs approximately on day ____ of a 28-day menstrual cycle.
51.Complete the sentence about asexual reproduction.
Easy
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, known as ____. The process by which bacteria reproduce asexually is called ____.
52.State two conditions required for seed germination.
Easy
53.Describe how the structure of a sperm cell is adapted for its function.
Medium
54.Explain why sexual reproduction can be advantageous for a species living in a changing environment.
Medium
55.How many chromosomes are present in a normal human body cell?
Easy
- A56
- B51
- C46
- D41
56.A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a human zygote?
Medium
- A51
- B46
- C41
- D56

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