Reading Question 3: Short Answers and Language Task

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Overview of Question 3

Question 3 is part of Paper 1: Reading, the compulsory exam for Cambridge IGCSE First Language English.
From 2027, Question 3 is split into two main tasks: Question 3(a–c) short-answer questions and Question 3(d) language task.
Question 3(a–c) is worth 10 marks and should take about 10–15 minutes.
Question 3(d) is worth 10 marks and should take about 15–20 minutes.
Examiners recommend completing the questions in the order they are set.
Both tasks test explicit and implicit meanings (R1 and R2) and writer's effects (R4).

Question 3(a–c): Short-Answer Questions

Question 3(a) asks you to identify a word or phrase in the text that matches a definition given in the question. It is worth 2 marks.
Question 3(b) asks you to explain, using your own words, the meaning of three specific words. It is worth 3 marks.
Question 3(c) asks you to analyse one example of language from a short extract to explain how it suggests a feeling or atmosphere. It is worth 5 marks.
For 3(a), the answer is a single word or phrase from the text that suggests the same idea as the words in bold.
For 3(b), you must use your own words and not repeat words from the text.
For 3(c), you must select one example and explain its meaning in context, then explore what it suggests.
Always read each question carefully and highlight the command words (what you have to do) and the focus (what you are looking for in the text).

Steps to Success for 3(a–c)

Step 1: Read each question and highlight the command words and the focus of the question.
Step 2: Scan Text C and highlight the evidence that answers the question, or the words or phrases you need to explain.
Step 3: Write your answers according to the question instructions. If the question asks for your own words, do not copy from the text.
Check how many marks are awarded for each sub-question and tailor your answers accordingly. For 3(b), 3 marks means you should make three distinct points.
For 3(c), examiners are looking for you to select an appropriate example and provide a comprehensive explanation that shows you understand how the writer gets their message across.
Consider the meanings of particular phrases and why the writer has chosen them, and why the writer has punctuated a phrase or sentence in a certain way.
Above all, read between the lines to consider what the writer really means.

Exam Tips for 3(a–c)

Read the command words and paragraph references in the instructions carefully.
Do not write overly long explanations or answers in your own words where they are not required.
Equally, do not just repeat the language of the text in answers where your own words are required.
Avoid adding unnecessary material or extra guesses in your answers.
In 3(c), select just one example and explain its meaning first in context, then explore what it suggests.
Make sure you make three distinct points about your chosen example in 3(c).
Remember, you are being tested on your ability to analyse how the writer shows their feelings, so you must explore the writer's craft, including language and structure.

Question 3 Skills: Synonyms

Synonyms are words or phrases that mean exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase.
Developing your knowledge of synonyms can help you expand your vocabulary and use more sophisticated words and phrases.
A thesaurus can help you find synonyms, but any synonym you choose must mean the same in context as the original word or phrase.
For example, the word 'dying' in 'a dying bulb' means becoming fainter and dimmer, so appropriate synonyms would be 'fading' or 'dimming'.
Always consider the context in which a word or phrase has been used in order to explain it correctly.

Question 3(d): Language Task

Question 3(d) asks you to re-read certain paragraphs from Text C and explain how the writer uses language to convey meaning and create effects.
You must choose three examples of words or phrases from the extract to support your answer, and your choices should include the use of imagery.
You are advised to write between 200 and 250 words.
Up to 10 marks are available for the content of your answer.
You are marked holistically out of 10; you do not get 1 mark per point.
You must precisely select words that have depth and go beyond the dictionary definition to explore connotations.
If you choose a metaphor or simile, you must explain the image with precision and imagination.

Steps to Success for 3(d)

Step 1: Read the question and highlight the command words, the focus of the question, and the extract you need to re-read.
Step 2: Scan the extract and highlight three examples of language or imagery. Keep annotations short and concise.
Step 3: For each choice, identify the image or root meaning, then write your analysis linking the root meaning to the context. Think: quote + association + effect.
Step 4: Check the word count. You need to cover three choices within 200–250 words, so roughly 70–80 words per choice.
You are advised to spend no more than 20 minutes on this question.

Exam Tips for 3(d)

Successful answers often start by explaining the literal meaning of the chosen word or phrase in context, then move on to consider connotations and impacts.
Avoid selecting long quotations or writing generalised comments. Make sure quotations are precise and accurate.
Do not copy out lines or chunks of text, or miss out key words.
Select words or phrases that you are best able to explain, rather than the ones using the most obvious literary devices.
Ensure you divide your time equally between the three choices.
Avoid comments such as 'the writer helps us to imagine the scene' — this type of comment is not awarded any marks.
Ensure you also select and explain images created by the writer. Consider connotations and associations to suggest the effect the writer wanted to create.
Do not simply list literary devices. It is the quality of your analysis that attracts marks, not whether you can spot a metaphor or juxtaposition.

Language Analysis: Denotation and Connotation

Denotation is the literal meaning of a word or phrase.
Connotation is the associations or implied meanings of the word or phrase.
When commenting on words and phrases, always consider why the writer has chosen that particular word.
Ask yourself: How do these layers of meaning add depth to the text? How do the words evoke emotions or feelings in the reader? Do the words reveal aspects of a character's personality, background or emotions? Do the words make the text more relatable or distant?
Analysing language means considering the deliberate choices a writer has made: why they have included specific words or phrases, and for what purpose.

Language Techniques and Analysis

Key literary terms include simile, metaphor, imagery, alliteration, personification, onomatopoeia, repetition, and juxtaposition.
A simile directly compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'.
A metaphor equates or describes one thing in terms of another, asserting they are the same.
Imagery engages the reader's senses by using vivid and detailed language to create mental images.
Personification attributes human characteristics or qualities to inanimate objects, animals or abstract concepts.
Do not fall into the trap of 'feature spotting' — just spotting techniques without considering why the writer has used them will not get you a high mark.
It is more important to explore the effects of the writer's choices than to use over-complicated terminology.
A high-level response selects relevant and concise words or phrases, incorporates them into an explanation of meaning, and embeds directly quoted words or phrases into sentences, giving context to the quote.

슬라이드

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1.Which term means 'the literal, dictionary meaning of a word'?
Easy
- Aconnotation
- Bdenotation
- Calliteration
- Djuxtaposition
2.Which term means 'the associations or implied meanings a word carries beyond its literal meaning'?
Medium
- Adenotation
- Bconnotation
- Cimperative
- Dsuperlative
3.Which language technique directly compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'?
Easy
- Ametaphor
- Bsimile
- Cpersonification
- Donomatopoeia
4.Which language technique equates one thing with another, asserting they are the same without using 'like' or 'as'?
Medium
- Asimile
- Bmetaphor
- Calliteration
- Drepetition
5.Which language technique is used in the sentence: 'The stormy sea was an untamed beast, its ferocious waves crashing against the shore.'?
Medium
- Asimile
- Bmetaphor
- Conomatopoeia
- Dimperative
6.Which language technique is used in the sentence: 'The swirling mist silently settled on the sleepy meadow.'?
Medium
- Asimile
- Bmetaphor
- Calliteration
- Donomatopoeia
7.Which language technique is used in the sentence: 'The crackling fire whispered its secrets, its warm embrace accompanied by the gentle pop and sizzle of the logs.'?
Medium
- Asimile
- Bonomatopoeia
- Calliteration
- Djuxtaposition
8.Which of the following are language techniques that a writer might use to create effects? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Asimile
- Bmetaphor
- Cpersonification
- Dalliteration
- Edenotation

더 많은 문제

9.A simile compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'.
Easy
True or false?
10.Personification attributes human characteristics or qualities to inanimate objects, animals or abstract concepts.
Easy
True or false?
11.In Question 3(d), you are marked with one mark per point, so listing as many literary devices as possible will earn the highest marks.
Medium
True or false?
12.Match each language term to its correct definition.
Medium
- simile
- metaphor
- alliteration
- onomatopoeia
- juxtaposition
- Places two contrasting ideas, images or concepts side by side to highlight their differences
- Directly compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'
- Uses words that imitate or mimic the sounds they represent
- Equates or describes one thing in terms of another, asserting they are the same
- Repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words or stressed syllables
13.Put the steps of answering Question 3(a-c) into the correct order.
Medium
- Read each question and highlight the command words and the focus of the question
- Scan the text and highlight the evidence that answers the question
- Write your answers according to the question instructions, giving an answer for each required word
- Check how many marks are awarded for each question and tailor your answers accordingly
14.In Question 3(b), you are told to use your own words. Which of the following would be the most appropriate approach?
Medium
- ACopy the phrase from the text exactly as it appears
- BUse a synonym or paraphrase that fits the context of the sentence
- CUse a synonym that is the same as the word in a dictionary, even if it does not fit the context
- DWrite a long paragraph explaining every possible meaning of the word
15.Why is it important to consider the context when choosing a synonym for a word in Question 3(b)?
Medium
- ABecause synonyms always have exactly the same meaning in every situation
- BBecause a synonym must mean the same in context as the original word or phrase
- CBecause the examiner prefers longer words
- DBecause you should always use a thesaurus for every answer
16.For Question 3(d), which of the following would earn marks? (select all that apply)
Medium
- APrecisely selecting a word or phrase and exploring its connotations
- BExplaining the literal meaning of a chosen word in context before moving to its implied meaning
- CListing the literary devices you can spot, such as metaphor and simile, without explaining their effect
- DWriting 'the writer helps us to imagine the scene' as your comment on the language
- ESelecting three words or phrases that you have something meaningful to say about
17.Match each Question 3 sub-question to what you are asked to do.
Medium
- Question 3(a)
- Question 3(b)
- Question 3(c)
- Question 3(d)
- Identify a word or phrase in the text that matches a definition given in the question
- Explain, using your own words, the meaning of specific words
- Analyse one example of language from a short extract to explain how it suggests a feeling or atmosphere
- Choose three powerful words or phrases and analyse how the writer uses language to create effects
18.Put the following steps for answering Question 3(d) into the correct order.
Medium
- Read the question and highlight the command words, the focus and the extract to re-read
- Scan the extract and select three precise words or phrases
- For each choice, identify the root meaning or image and link it to the context
- Check that your answer is within the 200-250 word limit
19.In the extract below, which words or phrases would be suitable to select for Question 3(d) analysis? (select all that apply) 'At two in the morning, Josephine snapped her mooring line. In the cockpit there was mayhem. Tarpaulins and ropes were flogging violently, and the air seethed with driven rain and spray. Screaming winds made it impossible to communicate as Josephine listed alarmingly, any chance of saving her sinking with every wave slamming her side.'
Medium
- A"snapped"
- B"mayhem"
- C"flogging violently"
- D"seethed"
- E"in the cockpit"
20.In the sentence 'The walls swallowed the light', what is the most precise explanation of the effect of the word 'swallowed'?
Medium
- AIt suggests the cave absorbed the light completely, making the darkness feel total and oppressive
- BIt suggests the walls were painted a dark colour
- CIt suggests the light was noisy
- DIt suggests Rohaan was eating while he walked
21.Which of the following are true about the marks for Question 3(d)? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AIt is marked holistically out of 10
- BYou get one mark for each literary device you name
- CYou must precisely select words that have depth
- DYou must go beyond the dictionary definition to explore connotations
- EYou should copy out whole sentences to support your answer
22.Match each term to its correct definition.
Medium
- Denotation
- Connotation
- Comparative adjectives
- Imperatives
- The literal meaning of a word or phrase
- The associations or implied meanings of a word or phrase
- Words used to compare differences between two nouns, such as 'larger' or 'faster'
- Verb forms or sentences used to give commands
23.In the extract below, which words or phrases create a sense of the crowd's overwhelming, almost insect-like energy? (select all that apply) 'To her astonishment, jostling crowds lined the street. Had everyone really come out just to watch her ride by? She grinned and waved back, coming to a halt as yet more well-wishers swarmed and buzzed around her, demanding autographs.'
Medium
- A"jostling"
- B"swarmed"
- C"buzzed"
- D"grinned"
- E"demanding"
24.In Question 3(d), you should select three words or phrases that you are best able to explain, rather than the ones using the most obvious literary devices.
Easy
True or false?
25.In the sentence 'The vet, frowning, regarded the horse solemnly, picking up each hoof in turn and examining it minutely', which word most strongly suggests the vet is being unnecessarily thorough and methodical?
Hard
- A"minutely"
- B"solemnly"
- C"frowning"
- D"regarded"
26.Which sentence uses the correct form of the word to complete the meaning 'to make something known publicly'?
Medium
- AThe mayor was keen to publicise his modest town.
- BThe mayor was keen to publicise his modest town's.
- CThe mayor was keen to publicised his modest town.
- DThe mayor was keen to publicity his modest town.
27.In the sentence 'Annie avoided getting lost by sticking to main roads and stopping helpful passersby', which change corrects the punctuation?
Medium
- AAnnie avoided getting lost by sticking to main roads, and stopping helpful passersby.
- BAnnie avoided getting lost by sticking to main roads; and stopping helpful passersby.
- CAnnie avoided getting lost by sticking to main roads and, stopping helpful passersby.
- DThe sentence is already correctly punctuated.
28.Which of the following sentences use the word 'covered' correctly in the sense of 'reported on'? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AOnly small local newspapers had covered her exploits to date.
- BThe journalist covered the trial for a national paper.
- CShe covered the pot with a lid before serving dinner.
- DThe reporter covered the story from the scene.
- EHe covered his ears when the noise grew too loud.
29.In Question 3(b), you should use your own words rather than copying the exact words from the text.
Easy
True or false?
30.Which version of the sentence correctly replaces the underlined word with a more precise synonym for 'walked slowly and carefully'? Original: 'He walked down a gentle slope with caution.'
Medium
- AHe ambled down a gentle slope with caution.
- BHe crept down a gentle slope with caution.
- CHe marched down a gentle slope with caution.
- DHe sprinted down a gentle slope with caution.
31.Match each word from the extract to its meaning in context.
Medium
- figure (verb)
- covered (verb)
- exploits (noun)
- worked out or estimated
- reported on in newspapers
- adventures or daring deeds
32.Put the following steps for answering Question 3(c) into the correct order.
Medium
- Select one precise example of language from the extract.
- Explain the literal meaning of the example in context.
- Explore the connotations and implied meanings of the example.
- Make three distinct points about how the language creates an effect.
33.Which sentence correctly uses a semicolon to separate two independent clauses?
Medium
- AAnnie remained courteous; explaining she'd averaged under 24km daily.
- BAnnie remained courteous; she explained she'd averaged under 24km daily.
- CAnnie remained courteous; and explained she'd averaged under 24km daily.
- DAnnie remained courteous; because she'd averaged under 24km daily.
34.In the sentence 'The walls swallowed the light', which statements correctly explain the effect of the word 'swallowed'? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AIt suggests the darkness is total and consuming.
- BIt personifies the walls as something with an appetite.
- CIt implies the light disappeared gradually and completely.
- DIt shows the walls were literally eating the light.
- EIt creates a sense of the cave closing in on Rohaan.
35.Read this sentence: 'The vet, frowning, regarded the horse solemnly, picking up each hoof in turn and examining it minutely.' Which single word tells you the examination was extremely thorough?
Medium
- Aminutely
- Bsolemnly
- Cfrowning
- Dregarded
36.Read this sentence: 'The vet, frowning, regarded the horse solemnly, picking up each hoof in turn and examining it minutely.' What does the writer suggest by describing the vet's actions as a 'performance'?
Medium
- AThe examination was insincere and staged for the watching editor
- BThe vet was genuinely worried about the horse's health
- CThe vet was entertaining the crowd with tricks
- DThe examination was quick and careless
37.Read this extract: 'At one town, Annie had been unexpectedly ambushed and interrogated by a vet – hired by an unscrupulous newspaper editor sniffing around for a juicy headline.' Which of the following words or phrases create a sense of hostility and suspicion? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Aambushed
- Binterrogated
- Csniffing around
- Dunscrupulous
- Ecourteous
38.In Question 3(d), you are marked holistically out of 10, so you do not get one mark per point you make.
Easy
True or false?
39.Read this sentence: 'Relentless weather, coupled with dramatically sub-zero temperatures, transformed these humble steel and wooden frames into a series of massive ice-monoliths.' What is the effect of the word 'relentless'?
Medium
- AIt suggests the weather never eased or showed mercy
- BIt shows the weather was gentle and calm
- CIt implies the weather was brief and occasional
- DIt describes the lifties' hard work
40.Read this sentence: 'A small child hung onto its side trying to deter three disobedient suitcases from unscheduled disembarkation.' What does the writer's use of 'disobedient' and 'unscheduled disembarkation' suggest about the suitcases?
Medium
- AThey seem to behave like naughty, uncontrollable children
- BThey are heavy and difficult to lift
- CThey are brand new and expensive
- DThey are neatly packed and organised
41.Complete the definitions by writing the correct language term in each gap.
Medium
A ____ is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'. A ____ equates or describes one thing in terms of another, asserting they are the same. ____ attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals or abstract concepts.
42.Complete the definitions by writing the correct term in each gap.
Medium
A ____ is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'. A ____ equates one thing with another, asserting they are the same. ____ engages the reader's senses by using vivid and detailed language to create mental images.
43.Which term means 'the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words or stressed syllables, within a phrase or sentence'?
Medium
44.In the sentence 'The vet, frowning, regarded the horse solemnly, picking up each hoof in turn and examining it minutely', which single word tells you the examination was very detailed?
Easy
45.Complete the sentence by choosing the correct word for each gap. The sentence is about the vet's verdict.
Medium
The vet finally ____ his verdict, and then ____ without another word.
46.Complete the description of Question 3(a-c) by writing the correct number in each gap.
Easy
Question 3(a-c) is worth ____ marks in total and you are advised to spend no more than ____ minutes on it.
47.Complete the table of what each Question 3 sub-question asks you to do by writing the correct word or phrase in each gap.
Medium
Question 3(a): Identify a word or phrase in the text that matches a ____ given in the question. Question 3(b): Explain, using your ____ words, the meaning of three specific words. Question 3(c): Analyse one example of language from a short extract to explain how it suggests a ____ or atmosphere.
48.What term describes the associations or implied meanings a word carries beyond its literal meaning?
Medium
49.Complete the definition of a simile by writing the correct word in each gap.
Medium
A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things, using '____' or '____' to highlight their similarities.
50.Complete the guidance on how to structure your analysis for Question 3(d) by writing the correct word in each gap.
Medium
For each of your three choices, identify the image or root meaning, then write your analysis linking the root meaning to the context. You can think of this as ____ + ____ + ____.
51.Complete the sentence about Question 3(d) marking by writing the correct word in each gap.
Hard
You are marked ____ out of 10 for Question 3(d); you do not get 1 mark per '____'.
52.Complete the guidance for analysing language in Question 3(d) by writing the correct term in each gap. The literal meaning of a word is its ___, while the associations or implied meanings it carries are its ___.
Medium
The literal meaning of a word is its ____, while the associations or implied meanings it carries are its ____.
53.Use your own words to explain what the writer means by the word 'figured' in this sentence: 'Annie figured Redding to LA would take another two months.'
Medium
54.Use your own words to explain what the writer means by the word 'covered' in this sentence: 'Only small local newspapers had covered her exploits to date.'
Medium
55.Use your own words to explain what the writer means by the word 'exploits' in this sentence: 'Only small local newspapers had covered her exploits to date.'
Medium
56.Use one example from this extract to explain how the writer uses language to suggest the reactions of the people in Redding to Annie's arrival. Use your own words in your explanation. Extract: 'To her astonishment, jostling crowds lined the street. Had everyone really come out just to watch her ride by? She grinned and waved back, coming to a halt as yet more well-wishers swarmed and buzzed around her, demanding autographs.'
Hard
57.Explain how the writer's choice of the word 'swarmed' in the sentence 'yet more well-wishers swarmed and buzzed around her' creates an effect. Use your own words.
Medium

복습 노트

## Question 3: Short Answers & Language Task **Structure (from 2027):** 3(a–c) short answers (10 marks, ~10–15 min) + 3(d) language task (10 marks, ~15–20 min). Read each question and highlight the **command words** (what to do) and the **focus** (what to look for). ### 3(a–c) Short answers - **3(a)** Identify a word/phrase matching a definition — 2 marks (R1/R2). - **3(b)** Explain three words in your own words — 3 marks. *3 marks = three distinct points.* - **3(c)** Analyse one example of language to show a feeling/atmosphere — 5 marks (R4). - **Synonyms** mean exactly or nearly the same. Always match meaning **in context**: a "dying bulb" = fading/dimming, not literally dying. - If told to use **your own words**, do not copy the text. Keep answers short — writing more earns nothing extra. - For 3(c): select **one** example, explain its meaning in context first, then explore what it suggests. Make **three distinct points**. ### 3(d) Language task - Choose **three** powerful words/phrases (include imagery). Write **200–250 words** (~70–80 per choice). - Marked **holistically out of 10** — not 1 mark per point. - Method: **quote + association + effect**. Give the literal meaning in context, then explore **connotations**. - **Denotation** = literal meaning. **Connotation** = associations/implied meanings. - Ask: What have they done? How? Why — what effect on the reader? - Avoid **feature spotting** and comments like "the writer helps us imagine the scene" (no marks). Do not list devices or copy long quotations. ### Key techniques to name Simile, metaphor, imagery, alliteration, personification, onomatopoeia, repetition, juxtaposition, emotive language, imperatives, colloquial language, comparatives, superlatives.

Synonym: A word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase.
Denotation: The literal meaning of a word or phrase.
Connotation: The associations or implied meanings of a word or phrase.
Feature spotting: Just identifying techniques a writer has used without considering why, which will not get a high mark.
Simile: A figure of speech that directly compares two different things, using "like" or "as".
Metaphor: A figure of speech that equates or describes one thing in terms of another, asserting they are the same.
Imagery: Vivid, detailed language that engages the reader's senses to create mental images.
Personification: Attributing human characteristics or qualities to inanimate objects, animals or abstract concepts.
Onomatopoeia: Using words that imitate or mimic the sounds they represent.
Juxtaposition: Placing two contrasting ideas, images or concepts side by side to highlight differences or create a striking effect.
Emotive language: Words and phrases intentionally used to evoke strong emotional responses in the reader.

플래시카드

What are the two main tasks that Question 3 is split into for exams from 2027?

Question 3(a-c) — short-answer questions, and Question 3(d) — the language task.

How many marks is Question 3(a-c) worth, and what skills does it test?

It is worth 10 marks and tests explicit and implicit meanings (R1 and R2) and writer's effects (R4).

What does Question 3(a) ask you to do, and how many marks is it worth?

Identify a word or phrase in the text that matches a definition given in the question. It is worth 2 marks.

What does Question 3(b) ask you to do, and how many marks is it worth?

Explain, using your own words, the meaning of three specific words. It is worth 3 marks.

What does Question 3(c) ask you to do, and how many marks is it worth?

Analyse one example of language from a short extract to explain how it suggests a feeling or atmosphere. It is worth 5 marks.

What is a synonym?

A word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase.

Why is context important when choosing a synonym?

A synonym must mean the same in context as the original word or phrase; otherwise it may be inaccurate.

In Question 3(b), if the question asks you to explain three words, how many distinct points should you make?

Three distinct points, because the question is worth 3 marks.

What should you do if a question asks you to use your own words?

You must not repeat words from the text; most of your answer needs to be in your own words.

What is the recommended time to spend on Question 3(a-c)?

No more than 15 minutes.

What is the recommended time to spend on Question 3(d)?

No more than 20 minutes.

What is the word count for Question 3(d)?

200 to 250 words.

How many examples of words or phrases must you choose in Question 3(d)?

Three examples, and your choices should include the use of imagery.

What does denotation mean?

The literal meaning of a word or phrase.

What does connotation mean?

The associations or implied meanings of a word or phrase.

What is 'feature spotting' and why should you avoid it?

It is when you just 'spot' techniques a writer has used, such as metaphors, without considering why the writer has used them. This type of analysis will not get you a high mark.

What is a simile?

A figure of speech that directly compares two different things, using 'like' or 'as' to highlight their similarities.

What is a metaphor?

A figure of speech that equates or describes one thing in terms of another, asserting that they are the same.

What is imagery?

Language that engages the reader's senses by using vivid and detailed language to create mental images.

What is personification?

Attributing human characteristics or qualities to inanimate objects, animals or abstract concepts.

What is juxtaposition?

Placing two contrasting ideas, images or concepts side by side to highlight their differences or create a striking effect.

In Question 3(d), what three questions should you ask to interrogate the text?

1. What have they done? (meaning and purpose) 2. How have they done it? (techniques) 3. Why did they do it? (effect and reader response)

What should you avoid saying in Question 3(d) because it gains no marks?

Comments such as 'the writer helps us to imagine the scene' are not awarded any marks.

What is the recommended structure for each of your three choices in Question 3(d)?

Quote + association + effect: identify the image or root meaning, then link it to the context and its effect.

How many words should you roughly spend on each of your three choices in Question 3(d)?

About 70–80 words per choice, to cover three choices within 200–250 words.

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