Writing for audience, purpose and form
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교육자를 위해: Writing for audience, purpose and form(KS3 English, Writing)을(를) 위한 바로 쓸 수 있는 수업 슬라이드, 복습 노트 — 수업에 사용하거나, 학습자들이 실시간 게임으로 즐기는 인터랙티브 클래스 활동으로 진행하세요.
수업 노트
What Are Audience, Purpose and Form?
- Audience is the person or group you are writing for; their age, knowledge and relationship to you shape your choices.
- Purpose is your reason for writing, such as to inform, persuade, explain, entertain or review.
- Form is the type of text you produce, such as a letter, article, speech, report, review or leaflet.
- These three elements work together: a persuasive speech to classmates will differ from an informative report for a headteacher.
- Adapting to audience, purpose and form is a core skill in transactional writing.
Understanding Register
- Register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or communicative situation.
- Register varies according to use, not the user; the same person can switch register in different situations.
- Register sits on a spectrum rather than in fixed categories, with no clear boundaries between varieties.
- In language teaching, register is often used as shorthand for formal or informal style.
- Formal register tends to follow prescriptive norms, while casual register may include slang and nonstandard words.
Formal and Informal Register
- Formal register uses complete pronunciation, such as 'walking' rather than 'walkin', and more formal word choices like 'father' instead of 'dad'.
- Informal register may include contractions, slang and nonstandard forms such as 'ain't' or 'y'all'.
- Formal writing avoids nonstandard words and tends to use Standard English.
- Informal writing is common among friends and in casual settings, where ellipsis and slang are frequent.
- Choose your register based on your audience and purpose: a letter to a friend will be informal, while a report to a council will be formal.
The Formality Scale
- Martin Joos described five styles of spoken English on a formality scale: frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate.
- Frozen (or static) register is unchanging printed language, such as biblical quotations or the Pledge of Allegiance; it often contains archaisms.
- Formal register involves one-way participation, no interruption, and technical vocabulary or exact definitions.
- Consultative register involves two-way participation, background information is provided, and interruptions are allowed; examples include teacher/student or doctor/patient.
- Casual register is used with in-group friends, with no background information, and features ellipsis, slang and interruptions.
- Intimate register is non-public, with private vocabulary and where intonation matters more than wording; it is common among family and close friends.
Field, Mode and Tenor
- Halliday and Hasan identify three situational factors that determine register: field, mode and tenor.
- Field is the total event and purposive activity, including the subject matter.
- Mode is the function of the text, including the channel (spoken or written, extempore or prepared) and its genre or rhetorical mode, such as narrative, didactic or persuasive.
- Tenor refers to the type of role interaction and the social relations among participants, whether permanent or temporary.
- These three values determine the linguistic features of a text; the register is the set of meanings and the words and structures used to realise them.
Conventions of Common Forms
- Letters: formal letters use a polite tone, standard English and a clear layout with addresses and a formal greeting; informal letters use a chatty tone and casual language.
- Articles: have a headline, an engaging opening, paragraphs and sometimes subheadings; they often inform or persuade a wide audience.
- Speeches: use direct address, rhetorical devices and a structure that builds to a climax; they are written to be spoken aloud.
- Reports: are factual, use headings and bullet points, and present information clearly and objectively.
- Reviews: give a personal judgement on a product, book, film or event, supported by reasons and examples.
- Leaflets: use persuasive language, short paragraphs, bullet points and sometimes images to convey information quickly.
Choosing Tone and Standard English
- Tone is the writer's attitude conveyed through word choice and sentence structure; it should match audience and purpose.
- Standard English is the form of English that follows agreed grammar and vocabulary rules; it is expected in formal writing.
- Avoid nonstandard words like 'ain't' and 'y'all' in formal writing unless you are deliberately representing speech.
- A formal tone uses complete sentences, technical vocabulary where appropriate, and avoids slang.
- An informal tone may use contractions, colloquial language and a conversational style.
Layout Features for Each Form
- Letters: include your address, the date, a salutation (e.g., 'Dear Sir/Madam' or 'Hi Sam'), paragraphs, and a sign-off (e.g., 'Yours faithfully' or 'Love').
- Articles: use a headline, byline, columns or paragraphs, and sometimes images with captions.
- Speeches: use paragraphs, rhetorical questions, direct address ('you'), and repetition for effect.
- Reports: use headings, subheadings, bullet points, numbered lists and possibly a conclusion or recommendations.
- Reviews: include a title, an introduction, a summary of the work, an evaluation and a recommendation.
- Leaflets: use a clear title, short sections, bullet points, and may include contact details or calls to action.
Adapting to Audience and Purpose
- Consider what your audience already knows; provide background information if needed, as in consultative register.
- Match your vocabulary to your audience: use technical terms for experts, simpler words for a general audience.
- Your purpose determines whether you inform, persuade, explain or entertain; this affects your structure and language.
- For persuasive writing, use rhetorical devices, emotive language and direct address.
- For informative writing, be clear, factual and well-organised.
- Always check that your register, tone and layout are appropriate for the form you are using.
슬라이드
연습 문제
무료 미리 보기 — 53개 중 8개 문제. 가입하면 전부 볼 수 있어요.
1.Which term means 'a variety of language used for a particular purpose or communicative situation'?
Easy- Aregister
- Bdialect
- Caccent
- Dgenre
2.In Halliday and Hasan's framework, what does 'tenor' refer to?
Easy- Athe type of role interaction and social relations among participants
- Bthe channel of communication, spoken or written
- Cthe subject matter and purposive activity
- Dthe level of formality
3.Which of these is an example of an informal register feature?
Easy- Ausing 'ain't'
- Busing 'father'
- Cpronouncing -ing with a velar nasal
- Dusing technical vocabulary
4.Which sentence is in a formal register?
Medium- AI am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the service I received.
- BI wanna complain about the rubbish service.
- CThe service was, like, totally awful.
- DGonna tell them how bad it was.
5.Which of the following is NOT a feature of the casual register according to Joos?
Medium- Atechnical vocabulary and exact definitions
- Bellipsis and slang
- Cinterruptions common
- Dno background information provided
6.In Joos's model, which register is described as 'one-way participation; no interruption; technical vocabulary or exact definitions are important'?
Medium- AFormal
- BConsultative
- CCasual
- DIntimate
7.Which of the following is an example of the frozen register?
Medium- AThe Pledge of Allegiance
- BA doctor-patient consultation
- CA conversation between friends
- DA teacher explaining a concept
8.In Halliday and Hasan's terms, what does 'mode' refer to?
Hard- Athe function of the text in the event, including channel and genre
- Bthe social relations among participants
- Cthe subject matter and purposive activity
- Dthe level of formality
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