Continents, oceans and the world's countries
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수업 노트
What is a continent?
- A continent is a large terrestrial geographical region, generally identified by convention rather than strict criteria.
- A continent can be a single large landmass, a landmass with nearby islands on or beyond its continental shelf, or part of a larger landmass (as with Asia and Europe within Eurasia).
- Because definitions vary, the number of continents ranges from as few as four to as many as seven.
- Most English-speaking countries recognise seven continents.
- In order from largest to smallest in area, the seven are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia (also called Oceania or Australasia).
- Some schemes merge continents: Asia and Europe become Eurasia; North America and South America become the Americas; Africa, Asia and Europe become Afro-Eurasia.
The seven continents
- Asia is the largest continent by area.
- Africa is the second largest and is joined to Asia by land.
- North America and South America are joined by a narrow land bridge.
- Antarctica is the coldest continent and lies around the South Pole.
- Europe is joined to Asia, forming the western part of Eurasia.
- Australia is the smallest continent, at about 7,617,930 square kilometres.
- Oceania is a geographical region that groups Australia with many Pacific island countries and territories.
Oceans and seas
- Earth's major landmasses all have coasts on a single, continuous World Ocean.
- The World Ocean is divided into several principal oceanic components by the continents and other geographic criteria.
- The five oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic) and Arctic.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean.
- The Atlantic Ocean separates the Americas from Europe and Africa.
- The Indian Ocean lies between Africa, Asia and Australia.
- The Arctic Ocean surrounds the North Pole, and the Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica.
Lines of latitude and longitude
- The Equator is an imaginary line of latitude at 0° that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
- The Tropic of Cancer is at about 23.5°N, and the Tropic of Capricorn is at about 23.5°S.
- The Arctic Circle is at about 66.5°N, and the Antarctic Circle is at about 66.5°S.
- The Prime Meridian is the line of longitude at 0° that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
- Lines of latitude run east–west and measure distance north or south of the Equator.
- Lines of longitude run north–south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Hemispheres
- The Equator divides Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.
- The Prime Meridian divides Earth into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.
- The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's land and population.
- The Southern Hemisphere contains Antarctica, Australia, most of South America and part of Africa.
- The Western Hemisphere includes North and South America; the Eastern Hemisphere includes Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
Locating major features
- Major countries include Russia, Canada, China, the United States, Brazil, Australia and India.
- Capital cities include London (United Kingdom), Washington, D.C. (United States), Beijing (China), Moscow (Russia), Brasília (Brazil), Canberra (Australia) and New Delhi (India).
- Major mountain ranges include the Himalayas (Asia), the Andes (South America), the Rockies (North America) and the Alps (Europe).
- Major rivers include the Nile (Africa), the Amazon (South America), the Yangtze (Asia) and the Mississippi (North America).
- Major deserts include the Sahara (Africa), the Arabian (Asia), the Gobi (Asia) and the Kalahari (Africa).
- Continental Europe (often called 'the Continent' in Britain) means mainland Europe, excluding islands such as Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland and Malta.
- The continental United States refers to the 49 states on the continent of North America (including Alaska but excluding Hawaii) plus the District of Columbia.
Time zones
- Time zones exist because Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
- As Earth rotates, different places face the Sun at different times, so local time varies.
- The world is divided into about 24 time zones, each roughly 15° of longitude wide.
- The Prime Meridian (0° longitude) is the reference line for Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
- Crossing a time zone boundary means changing your clock by one hour, usually forwards when travelling east and backwards when travelling west.
- Some countries use half-hour or quarter-hour offsets, and some large countries such as Russia and the United States span many time zones.
Geological ideas about continents
- In geology, a continent is one of Earth's major landmasses, including both dry land and continental shelves.
- Geological continents correspond to seven large areas of continental crust found on tectonic plates.
- Small continental fragments such as Madagascar are called microcontinents.
- Continental crust is only known to exist on Earth.
- The geological definition of a continent has four criteria: high elevation relative to the ocean floor; a wide range of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks rich in silica; a crust thicker than the surrounding oceanic crust; and well-defined limits around a large enough area.
- The idea of continental drift gained recognition in the 20th century.
- Continental drift proposes that today's continents formed from the break-up of a supercontinent called Pangaea, which formed hundreds of millions of years ago.
The word 'continent'
- The English noun continent comes from the 16th-century term continent land, meaning continuous or connected land, translated from the Latin terra continens.
- It was first used to mean 'a connected or continuous tract of land' or 'mainland'.
- In the 17th century it was applied to relatively small areas, such as the 'continents' of the Isle of Man, Ireland and Wales, and in 1745 to Sumatra.
- The word was used in translating Greek and Latin writings about the three 'parts' of the world, though those languages had no exact equivalent word.
- In the mid-17th century, Peter Heylin wrote that 'A Continent is a great quantity of Land, not separated by any Sea from the rest of the World'.
- In 1727, Ephraim Chambers wrote that 'The world is ordinarily divided into two grand continents: the Old and the New'.
- In 1752, Emanuel Bowen defined a continent as 'a large space of dry land comprehending many countries all joined together, without any separation by water'.
- The old idea of Europe, Asia and Africa as separate 'parts' of the world eventually persisted, and they are now regarded as separate continents.
슬라이드
연습 문제
무료 미리 보기 — 57개 중 8개 문제. 가입하면 전부 볼 수 있어요.
1.How many continents do most English-speaking countries recognise?
Easy- AFour
- BFive
- CSix
- DSeven
2.Which is the largest continent by area?
Easy- AAfrica
- BAsia
- CNorth America
- DEurope
3.Which is the smallest continent by area?
Easy- AEurope
- BAntarctica
- CAustralia
- DSouth America
4.Which ocean lies between Africa and Australia?
Easy- AAtlantic Ocean
- BIndian Ocean
- CPacific Ocean
- DSouthern Ocean
5.Which line of latitude passes through the centre of the Earth?
Easy- ATropic of Cancer
- BPrime Meridian
- CEquator
- DArctic Circle
6.What is the name of the supercontinent that began to break up to form today's continents?
Easy- AEurasia
- BPangaea
- CGondwana
- DLaurasia
7.Which of these is a continent according to most English-speaking countries?
Medium- AGreenland
- BAntarctica
- CMadagascar
- DSumatra
8.Why do time zones exist?
Medium- ABecause the Earth rotates on its axis
- BBecause the Earth revolves around the Sun
- CBecause the Earth is tilted
- DBecause the Moon orbits the Earth
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