The First World War
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교육자를 위해: The First World War(KS3 History, Britain & the World 1901–Present)을(를) 위한 바로 쓸 수 있는 수업 슬라이드, 복습 노트 — 수업에 사용하거나, 학습자들이 실시간 게임으로 즐기는 인터랙티브 클래스 활동으로 진행하세요.
수업 노트
Long-term causes of the First World War
- Militarism: an arms race between the great powers, with huge investment in armies and navies, raised tension across Europe.
- Alliances: Europe split into two armed camps — the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia).
- Imperialism: rival empires competed for colonies and influence, especially in Africa and Asia, deepening distrust between the powers.
- Nationalism: strong pride in one's nation, and demands for independence among groups such as the Slavs in the Balkans, made conflict more likely.
- The rise of the German Empire after 1871 disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe.
- The Balkans were a flashpoint because Austria-Hungary and Russia both saw the region as vital to their interests.
The trigger: assassination at Sarajevo
- On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo.
- Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and declared war on 28 July 1914.
- Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, drawing the alliance system into action.
- In early August, Germany declared war on Russia and France.
- Britain entered the war after Germany invaded Belgium, whose neutrality Britain had guaranteed.
The outbreak of war and the Western Front
- The First World War lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 and was also known as the Great War.
- Germany's 1914 strategy was to defeat France quickly, but its advance was halted in September 1914.
- The Western Front then solidified into a near-continuous line of fortified trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland.
- The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage despite costly offensives.
- The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in November 1914, followed by a failed Allied campaign at Gallipoli.
- Japan and Italy also joined the Allies.
Trench warfare and major battles
- Trench warfare created a stalemate on the Western Front, where advances were measured in metres at terrible cost.
- Major battles such as Verdun, the Somme (1916) and Passchendaele failed to break the deadlock.
- The Battle of the Somme began on 1 July 1916 and became a symbol of the human cost of industrialised war.
- Soldiers faced mud, rats, disease, shelling and the constant threat of enemy fire in the trenches.
New weapons and technology
- The war saw the first large-scale use of machine guns, which made frontal attacks extremely deadly.
- Artillery caused the majority of casualties, pounding enemy lines before and during attacks.
- Aircraft were used for the first time in warfare, initially for reconnaissance and later for combat.
- Chemical weapons, such as poison gas, were introduced, causing horrific injuries and deaths.
- Tanks were developed and first used by the British at the Somme in 1916 to try to break the trench stalemate.
Recruitment, conscription and the home front
- At the start of the war, Britain relied on volunteers to fill the army, with famous recruitment campaigns such as the Pals Battalions.
- Conscription was introduced in Britain in 1916 as volunteer numbers fell.
- The home front saw women take on jobs in factories, transport and agriculture to support the war effort.
- Civilians faced rationing, censorship and propaganda designed to maintain support for the war.
- The war also helped spread the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed millions worldwide.
Turning points: 1917–1918
- In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping.
- Later in 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in the October Revolution.
- Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December 1917 and a separate peace in March 1918.
- In March 1918, Germany launched a spring offensive in the west; initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised.
- The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, beginning in August 1918, caused the German front line to collapse.
- By early November 1918, the Allies had signed armistices with the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany isolated.
The Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles
- Facing revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November 1918.
- The war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.
- The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers.
- Under the Treaty of Versailles (1919), Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large war reparations to the Allies.
- The collapse of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires created new national boundaries and new independent states including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
- The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability in the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
슬라이드
연습 문제
무료 미리 보기 — 54개 중 8개 문제. 가입하면 전부 볼 수 있어요.
1.On what date did the First World War end?
Easy- A11 November 1918
- B28 June 1914
- C28 July 1914
- D9 November 1918
2.Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Easy- AGavrilo Princip
- BKaiser Wilhelm II
- COtto von Bismarck
- DErnst Haeckel
3.Which event triggered the outbreak of the First World War?
Medium- AThe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- BThe Treaty of Versailles
- CThe Battle of the Somme
- DThe Russian Revolution
4.Which country joined the Allies in April 1917?
Medium- AUnited States
- BItaly
- CJapan
- DOttoman Empire
5.What was the main purpose of the Triple Alliance formed in 1882?
Medium- ATo isolate France by ensuring Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy resolved disputes among themselves
- BTo defend Belgium from German invasion
- CTo divide Africa between Britain and France
- DTo support Serbia against Austria-Hungary
6.Which battle in 1916 was one of the largest and bloodiest of the First World War?
Medium- AThe Battle of the Somme
- BThe Battle of Verdun
- CThe Battle of Passchendaele
- DThe Battle of Gallipoli
7.What was the main consequence of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany?
Medium- AGermany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large war reparations
- BGermany was allowed to keep its colonies and rebuild its army
- CGermany was divided into two separate states
- DGermany was forced to join the League of Nations
8.Which of the following were long-term causes of the First World War? (select all that apply)
Medium- AMilitarism
- BAlliances
- CImperialism
- DNationalism
- EThe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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