Cell organisation
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Lesson notes
Hierarchy of Cell Organisation
- Multicellular organisms organise cells into a hierarchy: **cells** → **tissues** → **organs** → **organ systems** → **organism**.
- Cells are the basic unit of life; similar cells group to form tissues.
- Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
- Organs are made of different tissues working together; they have a specific function.
- Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to carry out a major life process.
- The whole organism is made of all organ systems working together.
Example: Animal (Mouse Digestive System)
- **Epithelial cells** line the stomach, providing a protective barrier and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Epithelial cells group to form **epithelial tissue**.
- Epithelial tissue joins with other tissues (e.g., muscle, connective) to form the **stomach** (an organ).
- The stomach combines with other organs (e.g., intestines) to form the **digestive system**.
- The digestive system is one of several organ systems that make up the whole **organism** (mouse).
Example: Plant (Leaf)
- **Palisade cells** are near the leaf surface and contain many **chloroplasts** for photosynthesis.
- Palisade cells group to form **palisade tissue**.
- Palisade tissue joins with other tissues (e.g., spongy mesophyll, epidermis) to form a **leaf** (an organ).
- Leaves combine with other organs (e.g., stems, roots) to form the **shoot system**.
- The shoot system is part of the whole **plant organism**.
Key Differences: Tissues vs Organs
- A **tissue** is a group of similar cells working together (e.g., epithelial tissue).
- An **organ** is made of different tissues working together (e.g., stomach contains epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues).
- Organs have a more complex structure and specific function than tissues.
Palisade Cell Organelles
- **Chloroplasts**: site of photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy.
- **Nucleus**: contains DNA; controls cell activities.
- **Vacuole**: stores cell sap; helps maintain turgor pressure.
- **Cell wall**: provides structural support (made of cellulose).
- **Mitochondria**: site of aerobic respiration; produce ATP.
Hierarchy of cell organisation in animals (top) and plants (bottom).
Slides
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Practice questions
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1.What is the correct order of cell organisation from simplest to most complex?
Easy- Acells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms
- Btissues → cells → organs → organ systems → organisms
- Ccells → organs → tissues → organ systems → organisms
- Dcells → tissues → organ systems → organs → organisms
2.Which of the following statements is true?
Easy- AMulticellular organisms are made of many individual cells.
- BThe stomach is a tissue.
- CPlant leaves are not organs.
- DEpithelial cells are needed for photosynthesis.
3.Which of the following is an example of a tissue?
Easy- Aepithelial tissue
- Bstomach
- Cdigestive system
- Dpalisade cell
4.What type of cell lines the stomach and provides a protective barrier?
Easy- Aepithelial cell
- Bpalisade cell
- Cnerve cell
- Dred blood cell
5.A group of similar cells working together is called a:
Medium- Atissue
- Borgan
- Corgan system
- Dorganism
6.In a leaf, which cells contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
Medium- Apalisade cells
- Bepithelial cells
- Cguard cells
- Dspongy mesophyll cells
7.Which of the following correctly describes an organ?
Medium- AA structure made of different tissues working together
- BA group of similar cells performing a specific function
- CA group of organs working together
- DA single cell performing a specific function
8.What is the organ system that includes the stomach and intestines?
Medium- Adigestive system
- Brespiratory system
- Ccirculatory system
- Dnervous system
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