Drugs In Medicine

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Notas de aula

What is a drug?

A drug is any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
Medicinal drugs are used to treat the symptoms or causes of a disease (e.g., antibiotics).
The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are chemical substances made by certain fungi or bacteria.
They affect bacterial cells by disrupting their structure/function or preventing reproduction.
Antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses.
They target processes/structures specific to prokaryotic cells, so they generally do not harm animal cells.

How antibiotics work: penicillin interferes with bacterial cell wall formation

Antibiotic resistance

Overuse and unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics reduce their effectiveness.
Patients failing to complete the full prescribed course contributes to resistance.
Large-scale use in farming (even when animals are not sick) increases resistance.
Resistant bacteria are called superbugs (e.g., MRSA).

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance

Preventing antibiotic resistance

Only take antibiotics when absolutely essential.
Always complete the entire prescribed course, even if you feel better.
Doctors should not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections.

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CADASTRE-SE — GRÁTIS ENTRAR

Questões de prática

Prévia grátis — 8 de 42 perguntas. Cadastre-se para ver todas.

1.Which of the following gives the most accurate definition of a drug?
Easy
- AAn addictive or harmful substance.
- BA substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions.
- CA plant extract that kills bacteria.
- DA substance that produces side effects as well as therapeutic effects.
2.Which organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?
Easy
- AKidney
- BLiver
- CHeart
- DLungs
3.Which group of drugs is used to treat the symptoms or causes of a disease?
Easy
- AAntibiotics
- BMedicinal drugs
- CPainkillers
- DVaccines
4.Which class of drugs is used to treat bacterial infections?
Easy
- AAntibiotics
- BAntivirals
- CPainkillers
- DVaccines
5.Antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses because
Medium
- Aviruses have cell walls that are different from bacterial cell walls
- Bviruses do not have the cellular structures that antibiotics target
- Cviruses are too small for antibiotics to affect
- Dviruses produce enzymes that break down antibiotics
6.A patient feels better after taking only part of a prescribed course of antibiotics. Why is it important to complete the full course?
Easy
- ATo ensure all bacteria are killed and reduce the chance of resistance developing
- BTo prevent side effects from stopping early
- CTo make the antibiotics work faster
- DTo avoid the infection becoming viral
7.Which of the following is NOT a reason why antibiotics are becoming less effective?
Easy
- AOveruse of antibiotics in farming
- BPatients failing to complete the full course
- CAntibiotics 'wearing out' through overuse
- DBacteria evolving defence mechanisms
8.What is the name of the small circular loop of DNA that can be passed between bacterial cells and can carry antibiotic resistance genes?
Easy
- AChromosome
- BPlasmid
- CRibosome
- DNucleoid

Mais perguntas

9.Which of the following statements about antibiotics is not correct?
Easy
- ASome antibiotics are produced by fungi.
- BSome bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
- CAntibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by viruses.
- DWhen taking antibiotics for an infection, the course of treatment should be completed.
10.In a laboratory experiment, paper discs soaked in different antibiotics are placed on a bacterial lawn. A clear zone around a disc indicates that the bacteria are
Easy
- Aresistant to the antibiotic
- Bsusceptible to the antibiotic
- Ckilled by the antibiotic only at the disc edge
- Dunaffected by the antibiotic
11.Which of the following is a reason why antibiotics generally do not harm human cells?
Medium
- AHuman cells have cell walls that protect them
- BHuman cells do not have the specific targets that antibiotics act on in bacteria
- CHuman cells are too large for antibiotics to enter
- DHuman cells produce enzymes that break down antibiotics
12.A scientist discovers a new molecule that stops bacteria from reproducing but does not kill them. Why might this still be useful as an antibiotic?
Medium
- AIt will kill the bacteria eventually
- BIt prevents the infection from spreading, allowing the immune system to clear the bacteria
- CIt will cause the bacteria to become resistant more quickly
- DIt can be used to treat viral infections as well
13.A scientist tests two bacterial strains (X and Y) with antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. On the agar plate with strain X, there is a clear zone around the penicillin disk but no zone around the methicillin disk. On the plate with strain Y, there is no clear zone around either disk. What can be concluded?
Medium
- AStrain X is resistant to penicillin, strain Y is resistant to both.
- BStrain X is sensitive to penicillin but resistant to methicillin; strain Y is resistant to both.
- CStrain X is sensitive to both antibiotics; strain Y is resistant to both.
- DStrain X is resistant to methicillin but sensitive to penicillin; strain Y is sensitive to both.
14.The results of an antibiotic sensitivity test using paper discs on a bacterial lawn are as follows. Disc 1 (control) shows no clear zone. Disc 2 (antibiotic P) shows a clear zone of 15 mm. Disc 3 (antibiotic Q) shows a clear zone of 8 mm. Disc 4 (antibiotic R) shows no clear zone. Which antibiotic is most effective against this bacterium?
Medium
- AAntibiotic P
- BAntibiotic Q
- CAntibiotic R
- DCannot be determined
15.Which of the following is a method by which bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics?
Easy
- AMutation of bacterial DNA
- BThe antibiotic wearing out
- CThe patient taking the full course of antibiotics
- DThe antibiotic being produced by fungi
16.A new antibiotic is discovered that prevents bacterial ribosomes from functioning. Why is this antibiotic unlikely to harm human cells?
Medium
- AHuman cells do not have ribosomes.
- BHuman ribosomes are structurally different from bacterial ribosomes.
- CThe antibiotic is broken down in the human stomach.
- DHuman cells are protected by a cell wall.
17.In a hospital, 100 patients with a bacterial infection are treated with antibiotic X. After treatment, 95 recover, but 5 do not and their bacteria are found to be resistant to X. Which statement best explains this?
Medium
- AThe antibiotic caused the bacteria to mutate.
- BSome bacteria were already resistant before treatment.
- CThe patients did not take the full course.
- DThe antibiotic was not strong enough.
18.Which of the following is a way to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance?
Easy
- AUsing antibiotics to treat viral infections
- BStopping antibiotics as soon as symptoms disappear
- CCompleting the full course of antibiotics as prescribed
- DUsing antibiotics in animal feed to prevent disease
19.The table shows the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic for two bacterial strains. | Strain | MIC (μg/mL) | |---|---| | A | 2 | | B | 32 | Which strain is more resistant to the antibiotic?
Easy
- AStrain A
- BStrain B
- CBoth are equally resistant
- DCannot be determined
20.A student places paper discs soaked in different concentrations of an antibiotic on a bacterial lawn. The diameters of the clear zones are: 0 μg/mL: 0 mm; 1 μg/mL: 5 mm; 10 μg/mL: 15 mm; 100 μg/mL: 20 mm. What conclusion can be drawn?
Medium
- AThe antibiotic is ineffective at all concentrations.
- BIncreasing concentration increases the zone of inhibition, but with diminishing returns.
- CThe bacteria are completely resistant to the antibiotic.
- DThe antibiotic works best at 1 μg/mL.
21.A new drug is discovered that inhibits an enzyme unique to bacteria. In clinical trials, it kills 99.9% of bacteria in a culture. However, after several days, the bacteria grow back. Which is the most likely explanation?
Medium
- AThe drug caused mutations that made the bacteria resistant.
- BA few resistant bacteria survived and multiplied.
- CThe drug lost its effectiveness over time.
- DThe bacteria formed a biofilm that protected them.
22.In a disk diffusion test, a paper disc soaked in antibiotic is placed on a bacterial lawn. After incubation, a clear zone of 15 mm is observed around the disc. What does this clear zone indicate?
Easy
- AThe bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic.
- BThe antibiotic has diffused into the agar and inhibited bacterial growth.
- CThe bacteria have produced an enzyme that breaks down the antibiotic.
- DThe disc was not properly soaked in the antibiotic.
23.A student sets up an experiment to test the effectiveness of three antibiotics (X, Y, Z) against a bacterial strain. Paper discs soaked in each antibiotic are placed on an agar plate spread with bacteria. After incubation, the diameters of the clear zones are: X = 12 mm, Y = 8 mm, Z = 18 mm. Which antibiotic is most effective against this strain?
Easy
- AAntibiotic X because it produced a zone of 12 mm.
- BAntibiotic Y because it produced the smallest zone.
- CAntibiotic Z because it produced the largest zone.
- DCannot be determined because the disc sizes may differ.
24.A student places paper discs soaked in different concentrations of an antibiotic on a bacterial lawn. The diameters of the clear zones are: 0 μg/mL: 0 mm; 1 μg/mL: 5 mm; 10 μg/mL: 12 mm; 100 μg/mL: 18 mm. What conclusion can be drawn?
Medium
- AThe antibiotic is more effective at higher concentrations.
- BThe bacteria are completely resistant to the antibiotic.
- CThe antibiotic is not diffusing into the agar.
- DThe zone size is independent of concentration.
25.In a study, the levels of three antibiotics (A, B, C) were measured in stream water upstream and downstream of a dumpsite. The upstream levels were: A=10, B=8, C=3 arbitrary units. Downstream levels were: A=12, B=34, C=2. Which antibiotic shows the greatest percentage increase?
Medium
- AAntibiotic A with a 20% increase.
- BAntibiotic B with a 325% increase.
- CAntibiotic C with a 33% decrease.
- DAntibiotic B with a 425% increase.
26.A student investigates the effect of an antibiotic on bacterial growth using the disk diffusion method. The student places paper discs soaked in different concentrations of the antibiotic on an agar plate spread with bacteria. After incubation, the diameters of the clear zones are measured. Which of the following graphs best represents the expected relationship between antibiotic concentration and zone diameter?
Medium
- AA: Zone diameter increases linearly with concentration.
- BB: Zone diameter increases with concentration but reaches a plateau at high concentrations.
- CC: Zone diameter decreases with concentration.
- DD: Zone diameter is constant regardless of concentration.
27.In an experiment, a bacterial culture is exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of an antibiotic for many generations. After 100 generations, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotic for the culture increases from 2 μg/mL to 32 μg/mL. Which of the following best explains this observation?
Hard
- AA: The antibiotic induced mutations in the bacteria that conferred resistance.
- BB: The bacteria gradually adapted to the antibiotic by changing their metabolism.
- CC: Natural selection favored resistant mutants that were already present in the population.
- DD: The antibiotic concentration was too low to kill any bacteria, so no selection occurred.
28.A study measured the levels of three antibiotics (A, B, and C) in stream water upstream and downstream of a dumpsite. The results are shown in the table. | Antibiotic | Upstream level (arbitrary units) | Downstream level (arbitrary units) | |------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | A | 10 | 12 | | B | 8 | 34 | | C | 3 | 2 | Calculate the percentage increase in antibiotic B from upstream to downstream.
Medium
- AA: 26%
- BB: 325%
- CC: 425%
- DD: 26%
29.In a disk diffusion test, a paper disc soaked in antibiotic is placed on a bacterial lawn. After incubation, a clear zone of 15 mm is observed around the disc. The same antibiotic is tested on a different bacterial strain, and the clear zone is 5 mm. Which of the following conclusions is most valid?
Medium
- AA: The second strain is more resistant to the antibiotic than the first strain.
- BB: The antibiotic diffused less in the second plate.
- CC: The second strain grows more slowly.
- DD: The first strain is resistant to the antibiotic.
30.A student places paper discs soaked in different concentrations of an antibiotic on a bacterial lawn. The diameters of the clear zones are: 0 μg/mL: 0 mm; 1 μg/mL: 5 mm; 10 μg/mL: 12 mm; 100 μg/mL: 15 mm. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the small increase in zone diameter between 10 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL?
Medium
- AA: The bacteria have become resistant to high concentrations.
- BB: The antibiotic has reached its limit of diffusion in the agar.
- CC: The antibiotic is toxic to the bacteria only at low concentrations.
- DD: The experiment was not carried out correctly.
31.Which of the following is a medicinal drug used to treat the symptoms or causes of a disease?
Easy
- AAntibiotic
- BAlcohol
- CNicotine
- DCaffeine
32.Antibiotics are effective against viruses.
Easy
True or false?
33.Match each term with its correct description.
Medium
- Antibiotic
- Superbug
- MRSA
- A type of bacterium that is resistant to multiple antibiotics
- A chemical substance that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria
- A common superbug that is resistant to many antibiotics
34.Patients should stop taking antibiotics as soon as they feel better to avoid side effects.
Easy
True or false?
35.Which of the following are reasons why antibiotics are becoming less effective? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AOveruse of antibiotics when not really necessary
- BPatients failing to complete the full prescribed course
- CLarge scale use of antibiotics in farming to prevent disease in healthy animals
- DAntibiotics are being used to treat viral infections
36.Place the following events in the correct order to show how antibiotic resistance develops in a bacterial population.
Medium
- Bacteria with resistance genes survive and reproduce
- Exposure to antibiotic kills non-resistant bacteria
- Resistant bacteria become more common in the population
- A mutation occurs in a bacterial gene giving resistance
37.A student investigates the effect of an antibiotic on bacterial growth using the disk diffusion method. The student places paper discs soaked in different concentrations of an antibiotic on a bacterial lawn. After incubation, the diameters of the clear zones are: 0 μg/mL: 0 mm; 2 μg/mL: 6 mm; 4 μg/mL: 10 mm; 8 μg/mL: 14 mm. What is the relationship between antibiotic concentration and the diameter of the clear zone?
Medium
- AAs concentration increases, the clear zone diameter decreases.
- BAs concentration increases, the clear zone diameter increases.
- CThe clear zone diameter is constant regardless of concentration.
- DThe clear zone diameter increases then decreases.
38.A patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics consisting of 2 tablets per day for 7 days. How many tablets will the patient take in total?
Easy
39.Complete the sentence about drug metabolism.
Easy
The primary site for drug metabolism in the body is the ____.
40.State one way individuals can help prevent the incidence of antibiotic resistance increasing.
Medium
41.Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
Medium
42.A patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics consisting of 2 tablets per day for 7 days. How many tablets will the patient take in total?
Easy
- A13 tablets
- B16 tablets
- C14 tablets
- D15 tablets

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