Business plans and start-up finance
விளையாடிக் கற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்
ஆற்றல் சம்பாதிக்க இந்த கேள்விகளுக்குப் பதிலளியுங்கள், பின்னர் மீன் பிடித்து ஆராயுங்கள். கணக்கு தேவையில்லை.
கல்வியாளர்களுக்கு: Business plans and start-up finance (Business Studies, Business Planning)-க்கான தயாரான பாட ஸ்லைடுகள், திருப்புதல் குறிப்புகள் — உங்கள் பாடத்தில் அவற்றைப் பயன்படுத்தவும், அல்லது கற்பவர்கள் நேரலை விளையாட்டாக விளையாடும் ஊடாடும் வகுப்பு செயல்பாடாக தலைப்பை இயக்கவும்.
பாட குறிப்புகள்
The business plan
- A business plan records the idea, objectives, proposed customers, marketing, operations, staffing and finances. It helps test feasibility, coordinate action and measure progress. It should evolve as evidence or circumstances change.
- It can support a lender or investor discussion by explaining the finance required and the evidence behind forecasts. A credible plan helps assessment but does not compel approval or remove business risk.
Connect a plan to its evidence
Contents
- Typical contents include an executive summary, the product or service, target market, competitors, market research, marketing decisions, operational resources and financial forecasts. Choose detail appropriate to the business and any funding application.
- Explain assumptions behind price, sales volume, costs and cash timing. Include risks and practical responses; compare a lower-sales scenario rather than presenting the central forecast as a promise.
Plan the initial cash requirement
Sources of start-up finance
- Possible sources include owner savings, family or friends, approved bank borrowing, angels, venture capital, suitable crowdfunding and eligible grants. Match the amount, duration, repayments, ownership implications and risk to the need. A pre-trading new firm has no own retained trading profit, although an established parent may fund a new venture.
- Savings risk personal funds; loans require agreed repayments and may involve interest, fees or security. An arranged overdraft allows account borrowing up to an agreed limit and may be changed under its terms. Angel and venture-capital finance usually dilute ownership; venture capital often seeks high growth.
- Crowdfunding can be donation-, reward-, loan- or equity-based. Reward fulfilment costs money; debt must be repaid; equity gives ownership. Grants normally avoid loan-style repayment if conditions are met, but may restrict use and be recovered for non-compliance. None of these sources is automatically available.
Compare funding obligations
Revenue and cost
- Revenue = selling price per item × quantity sold at that price. Total fixed costs do not vary with output within a stated period and range, but may change over time or with capacity. Total variable costs change with output, such as materials consumed per item.
- Total costs = total fixed costs + total variable costs. If variable unit cost is supplied, multiply by output first. With £1,000 fixed and £2,000 total variable costs, total costs are £3,000. Sales revenue and cash receipts can occur at different times.
Break-even
- Contribution per item = selling price − variable cost per item. With positive contribution, break-even sales = total fixed costs ÷ contribution per item. At £10 price, £6 variable unit cost and £400 fixed costs, this is 100 items. Round fractional thresholds up for indivisible items.
- Margin of safety = actual or budgeted sales − break-even sales, using matching units and period. At 150 sales it is 50 items. The simple model assumes constant price and unit variable cost and fixed costs within the relevant range; sales must match any output used. Exam-board requirements differ: AQA GCSE focuses on interpreting charts rather than using this formula.
Work out break-even and profit
Profit
- Profit = revenue − the relevant total costs for the same period. £5,000 − £3,500 = £1,500. Profit differs from cash available because receipts, payments and some financing transactions have different timing or treatment.
- In the fictional £10/£6/£400 example, 80 sales give £800 revenue and £880 total cost, hence an £80 loss; 150 sales give £1,500 revenue and £1,300 total cost, hence £200 profit. Use these scenarios to test whether the plan remains workable if demand is lower.
Test lower sales as well as the forecast
ஸ்லைடுகள்
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பயிற்சி கேள்விகள்
இலவச முன்னோட்டம் — 35-இல் 8 கேள்விகள். அனைத்தையும் பார்க்க பதிவு செய்யவும்.
1.What is revenue?
Easy- Amoney from sales
- Bmoney spent
- Cprofit only
- Dtax
2.What is a fixed cost?
Easy- Aa cost that changes with output
- Brevenue
- Cprofit
- Da total cost that does not vary with output within a stated period and range
3.What is a variable cost?
Easy- Arevenue
- Bprofit
- Ca cost that changes with output
- Da cost that never changes
4.What is profit?
Easy- Asales volume
- Brevenue minus total costs
- Crevenue plus costs
- Dcosts only
5.What is a business angel?
Easy- Aa wealthy individual who invests in start-ups
- Ba bank
- Ca customer
- Da union
6.What is crowdfunding?
Easy- Aa bank loan
- Ba grant from the government
- Cselling shares on the stock exchange
- Draising contributions from many backers, usually online
7.What is venture capital?
Easy- Aa wage
- Ba tax
- Cspecialist fund investment, usually in exchange for equity
- Da free grant
8.What is an overdraft?
Easy- Aa grant
- Bborrowing through a bank account up to an agreed limit
- Ca savings account
- Da share issue
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இந்த தலைப்பிற்கான ஒவ்வொரு கேள்வியையும், ஸ்லைடுகளையும், ஃப்ளாஷ் கார்டுகளையும் மற்றும் திருப்புதல் குறிப்புகளையும் பார்க்க இலவச கணக்கை உருவாக்கவும்.
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