Economic activity and globalisation

விளையாடிக் கற்றுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்

ஆற்றல் சம்பாதிக்க இந்த கேள்விகளுக்குப் பதிலளியுங்கள், பின்னர் மீன் பிடித்து ஆராயுங்கள். கணக்கு தேவையில்லை.

கல்வியாளர்களுக்கு: Economic activity and globalisation (KS3 Geography, Human Geography)-க்கான தயாரான பாட ஸ்லைடுகள், திருப்புதல் குறிப்புகள் — உங்கள் பாடத்தில் அவற்றைப் பயன்படுத்தவும், அல்லது கற்பவர்கள் நேரலை விளையாட்டாக விளையாடும் ஊடாடும் வகுப்பு செயல்பாடாக தலைப்பை இயக்கவும்.

பாட குறிப்புகள்

The four sectors of the economy

Primary sector: taking raw materials from the land or sea — farming, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying.
Secondary sector: manufacturing — turning raw materials into products, such as steel, cars and clothing.
Tertiary sector: providing services — retail, teaching, healthcare, transport, tourism, banking.
Quaternary sector: knowledge and information — research and development, IT, scientific research.

Employment structure changes with development

Employment structure is the percentage of workers in each sector.
In lower-income countries most people work in the primary sector, usually farming.
As a country industrialises, secondary jobs grow (as in the UK in the 19th century and China more recently).
In higher-income countries most people work in the tertiary sector — in the UK around four out of five workers — and the quaternary sector grows.
This pattern is shown by the Clark–Fisher model.

The changing UK economy

In the 20th century many UK coal mines, steelworks and shipyards closed — deindustrialisation.
Causes included cheaper imports from abroad, the running-out of easily mined coal, and mechanisation replacing workers.
Service industries grew, especially finance in London, retail, tourism and health.
Science parks near universities, such as Cambridge Science Park, attract quaternary research companies.
Remote working and the internet mean more jobs can be done from anywhere.

What is globalisation?

Globalisation is the growing links and interdependence between countries through trade, investment, communications, travel and culture.
Goods we buy are often made from parts sourced in many countries.
Culture spreads too — the same brands, films, music and food are found worldwide.

Causes of globalisation

Transport: container ships and cheap air freight move goods quickly and cheaply; one large container ship can carry thousands of containers.
Communications: the internet, mobile phones and satellites let companies manage operations around the world instantly.
Trade agreements and trade blocs reduce tariffs (taxes on imports).
Transnational corporations spreading their operations across many countries.

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

A TNC is a company that operates in more than one country, such as Apple, Nike, Unilever or Toyota.
Headquarters and research are usually in a higher-income country; factories are often in countries with lower wages.
Advantages for host countries: jobs, higher wages than local alternatives, new skills, investment in infrastructure, tax income.
Disadvantages: low pay and poor working conditions in some factories, profits sent back to the home country, pollution, and jobs that can move elsewhere if costs rise.

Global supply chains

A supply chain is every step in making and delivering a product, from raw materials to the customer.
A smartphone may use cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, components made in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and final assembly in China before being sold worldwide.
Long supply chains can be disrupted — for example by conflict, pandemics or a ship blocking a major canal.
Fast fashion relies on cheap labour in countries such as Bangladesh; the 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse killed more than 1100 workers and raised concerns about working conditions.

ஸ்லைடுகள்

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பதிவு செய்க — இலவசம்உள்நுழைக

பயிற்சி கேள்விகள்

இலவச முன்னோட்டம் — 47-இல் 8 கேள்விகள். அனைத்தையும் பார்க்க பதிவு செய்யவும்.

1.Which sector of the economy involves taking raw materials from the land or sea?
Easy
- APrimary
- BSecondary
- CTertiary
- DQuaternary
2.A car factory is part of which sector?
Easy
- APrimary
- BTertiary
- CQuaternary
- DSecondary
3.A teacher works in which sector?
Easy
- ASecondary
- BQuaternary
- CTertiary
- DPrimary
4.A scientist developing new medicines in a research laboratory works in which sector?
Easy
- ATertiary
- BQuaternary
- CPrimary
- DSecondary
5.What is employment structure?
Easy
- AThe percentage of workers in each sector of the economy
- BThe number of hours people work each week
- CThe layout of a factory
- DThe ranking of managers in a company
6.In most lower-income countries, which sector employs the largest share of workers?
Easy
- ASecondary
- BTertiary
- CQuaternary
- DPrimary
7.Roughly what proportion of UK workers are employed in the tertiary sector?
Easy
- AAbout half
- BAlmost none
- CAbout four out of five
- DAbout one in ten
8.Which model shows how employment structure changes as a country develops?
Medium
- AThe Butler model
- BThe Clark–Fisher model
- CThe Burgess model
- DThe demographic transition model

மேலும் கேள்விகள்

9.What is deindustrialisation?
Medium
- AThe decline of manufacturing industry
- BThe growth of factories in a region
- CAn increase in farming jobs
- DBuilding new motorways
10.Which of these was a cause of the decline of UK manufacturing in the 20th century?
Medium
- AA rise in UK coal reserves
- BA shortage of machines
- CA ban on exports
- DCheaper imports from countries with lower wages
11.Why are science parks often built near universities?
Medium
- AUniversities need factories next door
- BScience parks are primary industry
- CCompanies can use university research and recruit graduates
- DLand near universities is always cheapest
12.What is globalisation?
Easy
- AThe study of maps and globes
- BThe growing links and interdependence between countries around the world
- CThe shrinking of the world's population
- DA country closing its borders to trade
13.How have container ships helped globalisation?
Medium
- AThey move huge amounts of goods around the world cheaply
- BThey carry only passengers
- CThey make air travel unnecessary
- DThey stop goods crossing borders
14.How has the internet contributed to globalisation?
Medium
- AIt has reduced trade between countries
- BIt stops people shopping online
- CIt only works within one country
- DCompanies can communicate and manage operations worldwide instantly
15.What is a tariff?
Easy
- AA factory worker's wage
- BA company's headquarters
- CA tax on imported goods
- DA type of container ship
16.What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?
Easy
- AA small family business
- BA company that operates in more than one country
- CA government department for trade
- DA charity that works abroad
17.Where are a TNC's headquarters and research centres usually located?
Medium
- AIn a higher-income country
- BIn the country with the lowest wages
- CAlways in Africa
- DWherever raw materials are mined
18.Why do many TNCs build factories in lower-income countries?
Medium
- AWages are much higher there
- BThere are no workers in higher-income countries
- CTransport costs are zero
- DWages and other costs are lower
19.Which is a disadvantage of a TNC factory for the host country?
Medium
- AIt brings new skills
- BIt pays taxes to the government
- CMost profits may be sent back to the TNC's home country
- DIt creates jobs
20.What is a supply chain?
Easy
- AThe management structure of a company
- BEvery step in making and delivering a product, from raw materials to the customer
- CA line of shops in a high street
- DA chain used to lift containers
21.Cobalt used in phone batteries is mainly mined in which country?
Medium
- AThe Democratic Republic of the Congo
- BIceland
- CCanada
- DJapan
22.In 2013 a garment factory building collapsed in Bangladesh, killing more than 1100 workers. What was it called?
Medium
- AGrand Plaza
- BDhaka Tower
- CCanary Wharf
- DRana Plaza
23.Why can long global supply chains be risky?
Medium
- AThey stop companies selling abroad
- BThey only use local materials
- CA problem in one place, such as a blocked canal or a pandemic, can halt production elsewhere
- DThey make products more expensive to design
24.
The table shows a country's employment structure.
Sector 1980 2020
Primary 60% 25%
Secondary 15% 30%
Tertiary 25% 45%
What does it suggest?
Medium
- ANothing has changed
- BThe country is industrialising and developing
- CThe country is deindustrialising
- DFarming jobs are increasing
25.Using the same table (primary 60% → 25%, secondary 15% → 30%, tertiary 25% → 45%), by how many percentage points did secondary employment change?
Hard
- AIt rose by 15 percentage points
- BIt fell by 15 percentage points
- CIt rose by 30 percentage points
- DIt stayed the same
26.Which of these are primary activities? (select all that apply)
Easy
- AFishing
- BMining
- CForestry
- DCar manufacturing
- EBanking
27.Which of these have helped globalisation to happen? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe internet
- BTrade agreements that reduce tariffs
- CHigher taxes on imports
- DClosing international airports
- EContainer shipping
28.Which of these are advantages of TNCs for a host country? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AInvestment in roads and ports
- BProfits sent abroad
- CFactories that may close if costs rise
- DNew jobs
- EWorkers learn new skills
29.Which UK industries declined sharply during deindustrialisation? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AFinancial services
- BTourism
- CCoal mining
- DSteel making
- EShipbuilding
30.Retail is part of the tertiary sector.
Easy
True or false?
31.In lower-income countries most workers are employed in the quaternary sector.
Easy
True or false?
32.Nike and Apple are examples of transnational corporations.
Easy
True or false?
33.Globalisation affects only trade, not culture.
Medium
True or false?
34.Mechanisation, where machines replace workers, contributed to job losses in UK industry.
Medium
True or false?
35.A smartphone is usually made entirely in one country.
Medium
True or false?
36.Match each job to its sector.
Easy
- Farmer
- Factory worker
- Nurse
- Software researcher
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
37.Match each term to its meaning.
Medium
- Globalisation
- TNC
- Tariff
- Supply chain
- Growing links between countries
- A company operating in several countries
- A tax on imports
- The steps from raw material to customer
38.Match each step of a smartphone's supply chain to where it commonly happens.
Medium
- Mining cobalt
- Final assembly
- Design and research
- Sale to customers
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- China
- The TNC's home country
- Worldwide
39.Put these sectors in the order in which they usually become the main employer as a country develops.
Medium
- Tertiary
- Primary
- Secondary
40.Put these stages of a T-shirt's supply chain in order.
Medium
- The T-shirt is sold in a UK shop
- Cotton is grown and picked
- Cotton is spun and woven into fabric
- The fabric is cut and sewn in a factory
- The T-shirts are shipped in containers
41.Complete the sentence.
Easy
Turning raw materials into products happens in the ____ sector.
42.Complete the sentence.
Medium
The decline of manufacturing in a country is called ____.
43.What is the name for a company that operates in more than one country? (three words or the abbreviation)
Easy
44.Which sector of the economy includes research and development and IT?
Medium
45.Describe how the UK's employment structure has changed since 1900.
Medium
46.Explain two causes of globalisation.
Hard
47.To what extent do TNCs benefit the lower-income countries where they build factories?
Hard

திருப்புதல் குறிப்புகள்

## Sectors - **Primary** (raw materials), **secondary** (manufacturing), **tertiary** (services), **quaternary** (knowledge, research, IT). ## Employment structure - LICs: mostly primary. Industrialising: secondary grows. HICs: mostly tertiary (UK about 80%), quaternary growing — the **Clark–Fisher model**. ## UK change - **Deindustrialisation** of coal, steel, shipbuilding: cheaper imports, exhausted coal, mechanisation. - Growth of finance, retail, tourism; **science parks** such as Cambridge. ## Globalisation - Growing links between countries — trade, investment, communication, culture. - Causes: container shipping, air freight, the internet, trade agreements lowering **tariffs**, TNCs. ## TNCs - Operate in more than one country; HQ in HICs, factories where costs are low. - **+** jobs, skills, investment, taxes. **−** low pay, poor conditions, profits leave, pollution, footloose factories. ## Supply chains - Raw material → processing → manufacture → transport → sale. - Smartphone: cobalt (DR Congo), components (East Asia), assembly (China). - Risks: disruption; ethics — **Rana Plaza**, 2013.

Primary sector: Jobs that take raw materials from the land or sea.
Secondary sector: Jobs that manufacture products from raw materials.
Tertiary sector: Jobs that provide services.
Quaternary sector: Knowledge-based jobs such as research and IT.
Employment structure: The percentage of workers in each sector of the economy.
Deindustrialisation: The decline of manufacturing industry.
Globalisation: The growing links and interdependence between countries.
TNC: Transnational corporation: a company operating in more than one country.
Tariff: A tax on imported goods.
Supply chain: Every step in making and delivering a product.

ஃப்ளாஷ் கார்டுகள்

Name the four sectors of the economy.

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

Give two primary jobs.

Any two of: farming, fishing, forestry, mining.

What does the secondary sector do?

Manufactures products from raw materials.

Give an example of a quaternary job.

Research scientist, software developer or IT specialist.

Which sector employs most people in LICs?

The primary sector, mainly farming.

Roughly what share of UK workers are in services?

About four out of five.

Which model shows how employment structure changes with development?

The Clark–Fisher model.

Give two causes of UK deindustrialisation.

Any two of: cheaper imports, exhausted coal seams, mechanisation.

Define globalisation.

The growing links and interdependence between countries through trade, investment, communication and culture.

Give three causes of globalisation.

Container shipping/air freight, the internet, trade agreements lowering tariffs.

What is a TNC?

A transnational corporation — a company operating in more than one country.

Give two advantages of TNCs for host countries.

Any two of: jobs, skills, investment in infrastructure, tax income.

Give two disadvantages of TNCs for host countries.

Any two of: low pay, poor conditions, profits sent abroad, pollution, factories may leave.

What happened at Rana Plaza in 2013?

A garment factory building in Bangladesh collapsed, killing more than 1100 workers.

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இந்த தலைப்பிற்கான ஒவ்வொரு கேள்வியையும், ஸ்லைடுகளையும், ஃப்ளாஷ் கார்டுகளையும் மற்றும் திருப்புதல் குறிப்புகளையும் பார்க்க இலவச கணக்கை உருவாக்கவும்.

பதிவு செய்க — இலவசம்உள்நுழைக

முந்தைய தேர்வுகள்

இந்த தலைப்பிற்கான முந்தைய தேர்வு பயிற்சி விரைவில் வருகிறது.

விரைவில் வருகிறது

Sector	1980	2020
Primary	60%	25%
Secondary	15%	30%
Tertiary	25%	45%