Memory and storage

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Primary memory

RAM (random access memory): volatile (loses data when power is off), holds programs and data currently in use; read and write.
ROM (read-only memory): non-volatile, holds the boot-up instructions (BIOS/firmware); cannot normally be changed.
Cache: small, very fast memory in or near the CPU.
Virtual memory: secondary storage (an SSD or HDD) used to hold memory pages when they cannot all remain in RAM; accessing it is slower than RAM.

Memory hierarchy

Secondary storage

Secondary storage retains saved files without continuous power, but devices can fail or wear out; non-volatile does not mean permanent.
Magnetic (hard disk drive, HDD): large capacity, cheap, slower, moving parts, can be damaged.
Solid-state (SSD, USB flash): no moving parts, fast, durable, quiet, more expensive per GB.
Optical (CD, DVD, Blu-ray): portable, low capacity, can scratch; used for media.

Optical storage

Comparing storage

Consider capacity, speed, portability, durability, reliability and cost.

Cloud storage

Cloud storage uses remote systems reached through a network, typically the Internet. Compatible devices and authorised access are required.
Synchronised local copies may remain usable offline. Synchronisation is not automatically a separate backup: deletions or corruption may propagate, so check version history and recovery arrangements.

Remote storage in a data centre

Units

Capacity in bytes: KB, MB, GB, TB.

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Câu hỏi luyện tập

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1.What does RAM stand for?
Easy
- Arandom access memory
- Bread access memory
- Crapid access memory
- Dremote access memory
2.What does ROM stand for?
Easy
- Aread-only memory
- Brandom-only memory
- Creal-time memory
- Dremote memory
3.In the simplified GCSE model, which kind of instructions is commonly stored in ROM?
Easy
- Aboot-up instructions
- Bdocuments
- Cphotos
- Dgames
4.What does volatile mean?
Easy
- Adata is lost without power
- Bdata is kept
- Cdata is hidden
- Ddata is large
5.What is secondary storage for?
Easy
- Aretaining files and programs without continuous power
- Breplacing every CPU register
- Cperforming every arithmetic instruction
- Dshowing images on a screen
6.Which is magnetic storage?
Easy
- AHDD
- BSSD
- CDVD
- DROM
7.Which is optical storage?
Easy
- ADVD
- BSSD
- CHDD
- DRAM
8.What is virtual memory?
Easy
- Ausing secondary storage for memory pages that cannot all remain in RAM
- Badding physical cache to the CPU
- Ca type of read-only memory
- Dstoring all data only in the cloud

Thêm câu hỏi

9.What is an advantage of an SSD over an HDD?
Easy
- Afaster and more durable
- Bcheaper per GB
- Clarger capacity always
- Dhas moving parts
10.What is an advantage of an HDD over an SSD?
Easy
- Ausually cheaper per gigabyte
- Bfaster
- Cno moving parts
- Dsilent
11.What is cloud storage?
Easy
- Adata stored on remote servers over the Internet
- Ba USB drive
- Ca CD
- Dthe CPU
12.Which would you use for a large archive of old files at low cost?
Medium
- AHDD
- BRAM
- CROM
- Dcache
13.Which would you use for fast start-up of a laptop?
Medium
- ASSD
- BDVD
- CHDD
- DROM
14.Which is a limitation when accessing a remote cloud-storage service?
Medium
- Aneeds an Internet connection
- Bit can be accessed anywhere
- Cit is backed up
- Dit is scalable
15.Why is RAM faster than secondary storage?
Medium
- Ait is designed for low-latency direct working-memory access
- Bit is always cheaper per byte
- Cit always has greater capacity
- Dall secondary storage has moving parts
16.Why can frequent paging slow a program when RAM is under pressure?
Medium
- Apages must be transferred to and from slower secondary storage
- Bcache automatically becomes infinite
- CROM is erased
- Dthe processor clock must double
17.What factors affect choice of storage?
Medium
- Acapacity, speed, portability, durability and cost
- Bcolour
- Cshape
- Dnoise only
18.A photographer needs portable, durable, fast storage in the field. Which is best?
Medium
- ASSD or flash drive
- BHDD
- CCD
- DROM
19.A company needs cheap, large storage for backups. Which is suitable?
Medium
- AHDD or cloud
- Bcache
- CROM
- DRAM
20.Why is cache more expensive than RAM per byte?
Medium
- Ait is faster and more complex
- Bit is slower
- Cit is optical
- Dit is magnetic
21.What happens to data in RAM when a computer is switched off?
Medium
- Ait is lost
- Bit is saved
- Cit is encrypted
- Dit moves to ROM
22.What does boot firmware such as BIOS or UEFI do?
Easy
- Ainitialises hardware and begins loading the operating system
- Bstores every user document
- Cedits photographs for the user
- Dreplaces all applications
23.What does non-volatile mean?
Easy
- Adata is kept without power
- Bdata is lost
- Cdata is encrypted
- Ddata is hidden
24.What is flash memory?
Medium
- Aa type of solid-state storage
- Ba type of RAM
- Cmagnetic storage
- Doptical storage
25.What is capacity?
Medium
- Ahow much data a device can store
- Bhow fast it is
- Chow heavy it is
- Dhow old it is
26.RAM is volatile.
Easy
True or false?
27.SSDs have no moving parts.
Easy
True or false?
28.ROM is volatile.
Easy
True or false?
29.Cloud storage needs an Internet connection.
Easy
True or false?
30.A single conventional optical disc typically stores more data than a modern multi-terabyte HDD.
Medium
True or false?
31.Under this lesson’s primary/internal-memory classification, which belong to that category?
Medium
- ARAM
- BROM
- Ccache
- Dvirtual memory
- EUSB drive
32.Which are secondary storage?
Medium
- AHDD
- BSSD
- CDVD
- DUSB flash drive
- ERAM
33.Compare an SSD and an HDD.
Medium

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