Climate change: causes, evidence and responses

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Evidence for climate change

Climate evidence combines instrumental records, ocean and ice changes, sea level and dated proxies. Ice cores preserve past gas composition and provide temperature proxies; they do not directly record tomorrow’s weather.
IPCC AR6 reported global surface warming of about 1.1°C for 2011–2020 compared with 1850–1900. State both periods. This historical average is not a claim about the present year, every region or a single-year Paris threshold.

Read a temperature statement

Causes

The greenhouse effect involves absorption and emission of infrared radiation, not a sealed blanket that prevents all energy escaping. Increasing greenhouse gases changes Earth’s energy balance. Human activities, primarily greenhouse-gas emissions, are responsible for recent global warming.
Fossil-fuel combustion and land-use change add CO2; agriculture, landfill and fossil-fuel systems emit methane, while soils and fertilisers can emit nitrous oxide. Water vapour largely amplifies warming as a feedback. Orbital changes influence long-term climate; large eruptions can temporarily cool through stratospheric sulfate aerosols. These do not account for the recent human-driven trend.

Infrared absorption and emission

Effects

Climate change affects heat, rainfall, ecosystems, food and water risks, with different local consequences. Attribution to a specific event requires evidence; one storm or retreating glacier alone is not a complete global analysis.
Sea-level rise includes thermal expansion and land-ice loss. Floating sea-ice melt contributes little directly to sea level. Flood risk also depends on local land movement, tides, storms, exposure and adaptation. Longer frost-free periods can benefit some activities but do not guarantee higher yields or offset all other impacts.

Imagined adaptation options

Managing climate change

Mitigation reduces emissions or strengthens removals; adaptation manages risks and exposure. Energy efficiency, low-carbon energy, appropriate forestry and durable carbon storage need lifecycle, permanence and land-use evaluation. Flood protection, shade, water conservation and crop choices need local risk assessment.
The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, seeking warming well below 2°C and pursuing efforts towards 1.5°C above pre-industrial conditions. It concerns long-term global temperature; a single-year anomaly is a different measure. Policy adoption is not proof that every target is achieved.
Both response types need investment and fair access. Adaptation has limits and possible unintended effects; forest carbon can be lost, capture needs durable storage and defences retain residual risk. Evaluate effectiveness, maintenance and distribution rather than promising a risk-free solution.

Two complementary responses

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Câu hỏi luyện tập

Xem trước miễn phí — 8 trên 33 câu hỏi. Đăng ký để xem tất cả.

1.What is the greenhouse effect?
Easy
- Agreenhouse gases absorbing and emitting outgoing infrared radiation
- Bplants growing in glass
- Cthe sun cooling
- Drain forming
2.Which gas is the main greenhouse gas from burning fuels?
Easy
- Aoxygen
- Bnitrogen
- Chelium
- Dcarbon dioxide
3.Which is a natural cause of climate change?
Easy
- Adeforestation
- Bfarming cattle
- Cvolcanic eruptions
- Dburning coal
4.Which is a human cause?
Easy
- Avolcanoes
- Bburning fossil fuels
- Csunspots
- Dorbital changes
5.Which gas does agriculture release?
Easy
- Amethane
- Bhelium
- Cargon
- Dneon
6.What is mitigation?
Easy
- Aadapting to its effects
- Bignoring it
- Ccausing it
- Dreducing the causes of climate change
7.What is adaptation?
Easy
- Adenying it
- Bcausing it
- Cadjusting to the effects of climate change
- Dstopping emissions
8.What did the Paris Agreement (2015) aim for?
Easy
- Aending winter
- Bhold long-term warming well below 2°C and pursue efforts towards 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels
- Cending the greenhouse effect
- Dbanning cars

Thêm câu hỏi

9.Which is an effect of climate change?
Easy
- Arising sea levels
- Bmore ice
- Ccooler summers everywhere
- Dfewer storms
10.What are Milankovitch cycles?
Easy
- Atypes of storm
- Bocean currents
- Crock types
- Dchanges in Earth's orbit affecting climate
11.Which is an example of carbon capture?
Easy
- Aburning coal
- Bbuilding a road
- Cstoring CO2 from power stations underground
- Dplanting a lawn
12.How does deforestation add to climate change?
Medium
- Ait has no effect
- Bfewer trees absorb less CO2 and burning releases it
- Cit cools the air
- Dit adds oxygen only
13.Why is sea-level rise a threat?
Medium
- Ait floods low-lying coasts and islands
- Bit dries seas
- Cit helps farming
- Dit ends tides
14.How can water conservation help adaptation?
Medium
- Aby causing floods
- Bby ending rain
- Cby raising temperature
- Dby saving scarce water in droughts
15.Why do some countries resist emission cuts?
Medium
- Athey have no CO2
- Bthey love coal
- Ceconomic costs and development needs
- Dthey want warming
16.What can retreat of an individual glacier indicate?
Medium
- Arainfall
- Ba changed local ice mass balance influenced by temperature and snowfall
- Ccooling
- Dstability
17.What is afforestation?
Medium
- Aplanting new trees
- Bcutting forests
- Cburning forests
- Dpaving land
18.What does the IPCC conclude about the cause of recent global warming?
Medium
- Aorbital cycles alone explain it
- Bscientists cannot identify whether humans contributed
- Cvolcanic ash alone explains it
- Dhuman activities, chiefly greenhouse-gas emissions, caused it
19.Why are international agreements difficult?
Medium
- Ano emissions exist
- Bno countries exist
- Ccountries have different interests and capacities
- Deveryone agrees
20.Why might some areas benefit from warming?
Medium
- Afloods
- Blonger growing seasons
- Csea-level rise
- Ddroughts
21.How do mitigation and adaptation complement each other?
Medium
- Amitigation limits climate change while adaptation reduces risks, with benefits over different timescales
- Bthey are identical
- Cneither is costly
- Dneither works
22.What are fossil fuels?
Easy
- Awind and solar
- Bwood and water
- Cnuclear and hydro
- Dcoal, oil and gas
23.What is a carbon footprint?
Easy
- Aa map
- Ba forest
- Cthe total greenhouse gas emissions caused by a person or activity
- Da shoe size
24.Which renewable energy source uses the Sun?
Medium
- Agas
- Bsolar
- Ccoal
- Doil
25.What did the Kyoto Protocol (1997) do?
Medium
- Aset emissions targets for developed countries
- Bended climate change
- Cbanned CO2
- Dcreated ice
26.The enhanced greenhouse effect is mainly caused by human activity.
Easy
True or false?
27.Climate change has natural and human causes.
Easy
True or false?
28.Mitigation means adapting to the effects.
Easy
True or false?
29.Ice cores provide evidence of past climates.
Easy
True or false?
30.Climate has never changed before humans.
Medium
True or false?
31.Which are greenhouse gases?
Medium
- Acarbon dioxide
- Bmethane
- Cwater vapour
- Dnitrous oxide
- Eoxygen
32.Which are mitigation strategies?
Medium
- Arenewable energy
- Bcarbon capture
- Cafforestation
- Dimplemented international emissions-reduction agreements
- Eflood walls
33.Explain the difference between mitigation and adaptation.
Medium

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