Medicine in the Renaissance c1500-c1700
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New ideas and discoveries
- Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (1543) used human dissection to test anatomical descriptions and correct some errors associated with Galen. Earlier human dissection and classical learning also contributed; this was not the invention of anatomy from nothing.
- Paré’s account of the 1537 campaign describes changing from boiling oil to a dressing for gunshot wounds. His later promotion of ligatures to control bleeding after amputation was a separate development. Tying vessels could avoid cautery but carried infection risks before antiseptic practice.
- Harvey’s 1628 publication supported circulation driven by the heart using experiments, observations of vessels and valves, and quantitative reasoning. He did not observe capillaries; later microscopy helped explain the connection. New physiology did not immediately displace bleeding or provide cures for infection.
Distinguish discovery from application
Influences
- Printing helped circulate arguments and images, while costs, literacy, language and institutions affected who could use them. It also reproduced inherited theories and errors. Renewed classical learning and questioning could coexist.
- The Royal Society traces its first meeting to 1660 and its first charter to 1662. Experiments, correspondence and later publication connected investigators; observation alone did not guarantee a correct explanation.
- Microscopy revealed small structures and organisms, with different contributions from Hooke and Leeuwenhoek. Observing microorganisms did not by itself establish which caused particular diseases; ideas about contagion existed before that proof.
Printing helps ideas circulate
Continuity
- Humoral explanations, harmful-air beliefs, astrology, bleeding and herbal remedies persisted alongside anatomical and physiological developments. Culpeper’s English Physitian (1652, enlarged 1653) widened access to herbal knowledge while retaining astrology and traditional theory. Access and effectiveness are different questions.
- The Reformation and dissolution of monasteries changed authority, institutions and care provision in England. Religious belief and institutions remained influential; do not describe every church as uniformly hostile to all investigation or assume their influence simply disappeared.
The Great Plague 1665
- The major London outbreak peaked in 1665. Around 100,000 deaths is a commonly used estimate, not a complete or exact register. Responses drew on beliefs about harmful air, divine punishment and transmission through people, goods or animals.
- Surviving orders document shutting and marking infected houses, restrictions on gatherings and movement, controls on animals and fires or fumes intended to correct the air. A prescribed measure is not proof of universal compliance or effectiveness. Confinement could impose serious hardship.
- Cats and dogs were suspected of carrying infection, but do not assert an established increase in plague deaths through a simple cats–rats chain. Nor should a beaked costume familiar from continental images be treated as a documented standard London uniform.
- The Great Fire of September 1666 did not end plague: deaths had already fallen, affected districts lay outside the burned area and plague deaths continued afterwards. Incorrect disease explanations limited proposed cures, but care and some preventive measures should not all be dismissed as useless.
A response is not proof of a cure
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Câu hỏi luyện tập
Xem trước miễn phí — 8 trên 33 câu hỏi. Đăng ký để xem tất cả.
1.Who was Vesalius?
Easy- Aan anatomist who wrote The Fabric of the Human Body
- Ba plague doctor
- Ca king
- Da saint
2.Which year is associated with the major Great Plague outbreak in London?
Easy- A1348
- B1796
- C1854
- D1665
3.What did Vesalius do?
Easy- Adiscovered germs
- Bfound penicillin
- Cdissected human bodies and corrected Galen
- Dinvented vaccination
4.Which method did Paré promote for controlling bleeding after amputation?
Easy- Aanaesthetic
- Bligatures
- Cantibiotics
- DX-rays
5.What did Harvey’s 1628 publication demonstrate?
Easy- Athe circulation of the blood
- Bgerms
- Cpenicillin
- Dvaccines
6.How did the printing press help medicine?
Easy- Ainvented medicine
- Bbanned books
- Cprevented learning
- Dhelped circulate books, arguments and illustrations
7.What was the Royal Society?
Easy- Aa church
- Ba bank
- Ca group promoting scientific experiment, founded 1660
- Da hospital
8.Why did Galen's ideas start to be challenged?
Easy- Ano one read
- BRenaissance questioning and new anatomical evidence
- Cthe Church ordered it
- Ddoctors were lazy
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