Keys, scales and the circle of fifths

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Major scales

A major scale follows T T S T T T S from tonic to octave, with T a tone and S a semitone in this teaching model. C major uses natural pitch letters and a signature without sharps or flats, but chromatic accidentals can still appear in a C-major work.
Scale degrees include tonic (1), supertonic (2), mediant (3), subdominant (4), dominant (5) and submediant (6). A leading note is a semitone below the tonic; the unraised seventh of natural minor is a whole tone below and is called subtonic. Degree names do not all identify the same fixed pitch in every key.

Build C major from successive steps

Minor scales

Natural minor follows T S T T S T T. A natural minor is A B C D E F G A; harmonic minor raises G to G sharp. The conventional classical melodic-minor exercise raises F and G on the ascent and restores F and G natural on descent. Actual music and jazz melodic-minor practice can differ from that exercise.
Relative major/minor share a key signature but have different tonics: C major/A minor and G major/E minor are examples. The minor signature reflects natural minor; harmonic or melodic raised degrees are normally notated as accidentals as needed. Parallel major/minor share a tonic instead, such as A major and A minor.

Three written A-minor scale forms

Circle of fifths

The key-signature circle orders major tonic relationships by perfect fifths. With C at the top, clockwise upward fifths give G, D, A, E, B, F sharp and C sharp; anticlockwise downward fifths give F, B flat, E flat, A flat, D flat, G flat and C flat. Changes become sharper or flatter according to the current spelling.
The graphic pairs B/Cb, F#/Gb and C#/Db. In twelve-tone equal temperament these pairs share sounding pitch classes but have different written signatures: 5 sharps/7 flats, 6 sharps/6 flats and 7 sharps/5 flats respectively. A respelling prevents a simple add-one-sharp count from continuing unchanged around the whole displayed circle.
A signature alone does not decide the tonic: relative keys share it and local pitch alterations are possible. The circle helps compare key collections and related modulations; it is not the same as a diatonic descending-fifths chord progression within one key.

Circle of fifths: major keys

Modes

Compare modes on the same tonic rather than by a vague mood. Dorian has a minor third and a sixth raised relative to natural minor: D E F G A B C D. Mixolydian lowers degree 7 relative to major: G A B C D E F G. These pitch relationships do not assign a single emotion to every performance.
A mode needs an appropriate tonal reference and musical treatment, not merely a claim that any all-white-note passage starting on D must be Dorian. The same letter collection can support different tonal centres and functions in context.

Compare modes on a stated tonic

Other scales

Pentatonic means five distinct pitch classes per octave, and different pentatonic collections have different intervals. C D E G A is a common major-pentatonic model. It does not guarantee freedom from dissonance when combined with a harmony, register or another part.
A common minor-blues model is C Eb F Gb G Bb, related to C minor pentatonic C Eb F G Bb by adding Gb. Performed blue notes involve inflection and can lie between fixed equal-tempered pitches. This model is not a complete definition of all blues melody.
A chromatic collection has twelve pitch classes per octave in this model; a whole-tone collection has six, moving by tones. Exclude the repeated octave tonic when counting distinct pitch classes. These are written teaching collections, not copied repertoire or a listening test.

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Câu hỏi luyện tập

Xem trước miễn phí — 8 trên 36 câu hỏi. Đăng ký để xem tất cả.

1.How many distinct pitch classes per octave does pentatonic mean, excluding octave repetition?
Easy
- Afive
- Bseven
- Ceight
- Dtwelve
2.What is the tonic?
Easy
- Athe fifth degree
- Bthe last note
- Ca chord
- Dthe first degree of a scale
3.What is the dominant?
Easy
- Athe fourth degree
- Bthe seventh degree
- Cthe fifth degree of the scale
- Dthe first degree
4.What is the subdominant?
Easy
- Athe seventh degree
- Bthe fourth degree
- Cthe fifth degree
- Dthe first degree
5.In the usual tonal sense, which description identifies a leading note?
Easy
- Athe seventh degree a semitone below the tonic
- Bthe first degree
- Cthe fifth degree
- Dthe fourth degree
6.What is the mediant?
Easy
- Athe second degree
- Bthe sixth degree
- Cthe fifth degree
- Dthe third degree
7.What is a relative minor?
Easy
- Aa louder key
- Ba faster key
- Cthe minor key sharing a major key's signature
- Da minor key with no notes
8.What is the relative minor of C major?
Easy
- AG minor
- BA minor
- CD minor
- DE minor

Thêm câu hỏi

9.What is the relative minor of G major?
Easy
- AE minor
- BA minor
- CD minor
- DB minor
10.What is the relative major of A minor?
Easy
- AG major
- BF major
- CD major
- DC major
11.What is the harmonic minor scale?
Easy
- Amajor scale
- Ba chromatic scale
- Cnatural minor with a raised seventh
- Dnatural minor with flattened sixth
12.In the conventional classical ascending melodic-minor exercise, what changes from natural minor?
Easy
- Aonly a raised third
- Braised sixth and seventh
- Cflattened sixth and seventh
- Dno change
13.What is the natural minor pattern?
Easy
- AT S T T S T T
- BT T S T T T S
- CS T T S T T T
- DT T T S T T S
14.With upward fifths clockwise and C at the top, how many sharps are in the next major key’s signature?
Easy
- Atwo
- Bnone
- Cthree
- Done
15.From C along the conventional flat-key side, which direction leads F, Bb and Eb?
Easy
- Aboth
- Bneither
- Canticlockwise
- Dclockwise
16.Which key follows C major clockwise on the circle?
Easy
- AA major
- BG major
- CF major
- DD major
17.Compared with natural minor on the same tonic, what distinguishes Dorian?
Medium
- Aa sixth raised by a semitone
- Ba major scale
- Ca chromatic scale
- Da whole-tone scale
18.Compared with major on the same tonic, what distinguishes Mixolydian?
Medium
- Aa minor scale
- Ba chromatic scale
- Ca pentatonic
- Da seventh lowered by a semitone
19.What is the chromatic scale?
Medium
- Aonly whole tones
- Bseven notes
- Call twelve semitones in an octave
- Dfive notes
20.What is a whole-tone scale?
Medium
- Aa major scale
- Ba scale made only of whole tones
- Ca scale of semitones
- Da pentatonic
21.What is a blue note?
Medium
- Aan expressive pitch inflection, often around third, fifth or seventh degrees
- Ba loud note
- Ca rest
- Da high note
22.Which scale label fits the written collection C–D–E–G–A?
Medium
- Achromatic
- Bwhole-tone
- Charmonic minor
- Dpentatonic
23.Why is the circle of fifths useful?
Medium
- Ait shows dynamics
- Bit shows tempo
- Cit shows key relationships and signatures
- Dit shows rhythm
24.Why does harmonic minor have a raised seventh?
Medium
- Ato avoid chords
- Bto create a leading note for a perfect cadence
- Cto lower the pitch
- Dto remove the tonic
25.Which statement about choosing a pentatonic collection is accurate?
Medium
- Ait offers five pitch classes whose effect depends on musical context
- Bit guarantees that no dissonance can ever occur
- Cit must contain every chromatic pitch class
- Dit prevents any harmonic accompaniment
26.How might Mixolydian provide a different pitch colour from the parallel major scale?
Medium
- Ait has no notes
- Bit removes harmony
- Cit is chromatic
- Dits lowered seventh changes the pitch relationships in context
27.How many notes are in the chromatic scale octave, excluding repeat of the first note?
Easy
- Afive
- Beight
- Ctwelve
- Dseven
28.Which degree is the supertonic?
Easy
- Aseventh
- Bsecond
- Cfirst
- Dfifth
29.The key signature of C major contains no sharps or flats.
Easy
True or false?
30.A minor is the relative minor of C major.
Easy
True or false?
31.The pentatonic scale has seven notes.
Easy
True or false?
32.In the conventional clockwise sequence C–G–D–A–E–B major, each step adds one sharp.
Easy
True or false?
33.The whole-tone scale uses semitones only.
Medium
True or false?
34.Which are minor scale types?
Medium
- Anatural
- Bharmonic
- Cmelodic
- Drelative
- Echromatic
35.Which are scale degrees?
Medium
- Atonic
- Bdominant
- Cmediant
- Dleading note
- Eostinato
36.Explain how the circle of fifths helps in understanding keys.
Medium

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