Social class, stratification and mobility
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Define stratification without ranking human worth
- Social stratification describes structured inequalities in resources, status and power between social positions. Social class is one way of analysing these inequalities; gender, ethnicity and age can interact with class rather than function as identical classifications.
- Class frameworks differ. Marxist accounts emphasise relations to productive property; Weberian approaches distinguish class, status and power. A class category is an analytical tool, not a judgement about personal value or inevitable behaviour.
Separate analytical dimensions
Separate income, wealth, status and power
- Income is a flow over a period, including earnings and other receipts. Wealth is a stock of assets; net wealth subtracts relevant debts. Original fictional assets of £150,000 and debts of £100,000 give net wealth of £50,000, not annual income of that amount.
- Status is social standing or prestige, while power concerns influence over decisions and outcomes. These may overlap with economic resources but need not coincide: a respected role can be relatively low paid.
Calculate original fictional net wealth
Compare class classifications and their limits
- NS-SEC classifies socio-economic positions through employment relations and conditions, using occupation and employment status. It is not simply a ranking of earnings or skill. Traditional upper, middle and working-class labels are broader and depend on the framework.
- The Great British Class Survey model published in 2013 proposed seven categories using economic, social and cultural capital. It combined a large self-selected web survey with representative survey evidence; the web respondents alone were not a random picture of Britain. Treat the model as a dated research approach, not seven fixed natural kinds.
Compare classification approaches
Explain life chances and valued resources
- Life chances are socially patterned opportunities and risks in health, education, income and housing. Financial resources, useful connections and familiarity with institutional expectations can affect access without determining every individual outcome.
- Cultural capital includes knowledge, practices, dispositions and qualifications recognised in particular settings; social capital concerns resources accessible through connections. Unequal institutional recognition is not evidence that one group’s culture has inherently greater human value.
Connect resources and possible mechanisms
Distinguish directions and time comparisons
- Upward and downward mobility describe movement under a specified measure. Intergenerational mobility compares generations, often with parents; intragenerational mobility concerns movement during one person’s life. Compare classifications and life stages consistently.
- A person can change jobs without changing class, or move house without class mobility. Income and occupational mobility may also differ, so name the dimension before drawing conclusions.
Separate mobility dimensions
Correct absolute and relative mobility
- Absolute mobility is the observed amount or share moving between positions, upward or downward, under a defined comparison. Expansion of professional occupations can influence it, but is not itself the definition.
- Relative mobility compares chances of reaching outcomes from different origins. More people can move upward overall while background gaps persist. A simple percentage-point comparison illustrates a difference in rates; it is not automatically the odds-ratio measure used in more advanced analyses.
Distinguish absolute and relative mobility
Interpret an original fictional mobility table
- Original sample: of 50 people from routine-worker origins, 15 reach a professional destination; of 50 from professional origins, 35 reach that destination. The rates are 30% and 70%, a 40 percentage-point gap, under this simplified two-category model.
- Of the same groups, 35 and 15 respectively have routine-worker destinations. There are 15 upward moves and 15 downward moves: total intergenerational mobility is 30 of 100, or 30%. These teaching data do not prove the causes, describe Britain or establish each individual’s ability.
Read an original fictional mobility matrix
Evaluate barriers and meritocratic claims
- Education can develop skills and opportunities, while unequal financial support, recruitment networks, discrimination and housing costs can restrict access. Inheritance can transmit assets; exclusive information or costly relocation can shape which opportunities are reachable.
- Meritocracy is an ideal of allocating positions and rewards by relevant ability and effort rather than inherited privilege. Assess opportunity and selection processes as well as outcomes; one success story neither proves equal chances nor shows a barrier is absent for others.
Evaluate a barrier through its mechanism
Assess changes with appropriate measures
- A fictional shift from manufacturing to services does not mean every new job is secure or highly paid. Compare occupational conditions, income and security rather than infer class from sector alone. Changing occupational structure and changing relative opportunity are different questions.
- Period life expectancy summarises remaining years under the age-specific mortality rates of a population and time period. Group or area averages are not personal forecasts; specify population, period and measure, and investigate mechanisms before treating an association as a causal effect of class.
Keep observations within their scope
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Câu hỏi luyện tập
Xem trước miễn phí — 8 trên 33 câu hỏi. Đăng ký để xem tất cả.
1.What is social class?
Easy- Aa social grouping defined by an economic or occupational position under a stated class framework
- Ba type of school
- Ca type of tax
- Da cultural festival
2.What are life chances?
Easy- Alucky numbers
- Bjobs
- Cexams
- Dsocially patterned opportunities and risks affecting outcomes such as health, education and income
3.What is upward mobility?
Easy- Astaying still
- Bleaving society
- Cmoving to a higher social class
- Dmoving down
4.What is downward mobility?
Easy- Amoving abroad
- Bmoving to a lower social class
- Cmoving up
- Dstaying still
5.What is meritocracy?
Easy- Aan ideal in which positions and rewards depend on relevant ability and effort rather than inherited privilege
- Brewards by birth
- Crewards by wealth
- Dno rewards
6.What is intergenerational mobility?
Easy- Achange within one life
- Bmoving house
- Cchanging school
- Dchange in class compared with parents
7.What is intragenerational mobility?
Easy- Amoving house
- Bchanging school
- Cchange in class during one's own lifetime
- Dcompared with parents
8.What does NS-SEC classify?
Easy- Atastes
- Bsocio-economic positions based on occupational employment relations and conditions
- Cschools
- Ddiets
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