Information systems and information processing

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Ghi chú bài học

Data and information 數據與資訊

Data are raw facts and figures with no context, e.g. 72, 85, 91.
數據是未經處理、沒有上下文的原始事實和數字，例如 72、85、91。
Information is data that has been processed so that it has meaning and is useful to someone, e.g. "The class average in ICT is 82.7".
資訊是經過處理、對使用者有意義和有用的數據，例如「ICT 科全班平均分是 82.7」。
The same data can give different information to different users; information must be accurate, relevant, timely and complete to be useful.
同一組數據可為不同使用者提供不同資訊；有用的資訊必須準確、相關、適時及完整。
Knowledge is gained when people understand and apply information to make decisions.
當人們理解並運用資訊作出決策時，便會獲得知識。

Types of data 數據類型

Computers handle five main types of data: text, number, image, audio and video.
電腦處理五種主要數據類型：文字、數字、圖像、聲音及視像。
Text: letters, words, symbols (e.g. a student's name). Number: values used in calculation (e.g. marks, prices).
文字：字母、字詞、符號（例如學生姓名）。數字：用於計算的數值（例如分數、價錢）。
Image: photos, drawings, scanned documents. Audio: speech, music, sound effects. Video: moving images, usually with sound.
圖像：相片、繪圖、掃描文件。聲音：說話、音樂、音效。視像：活動影像，通常附有聲音。
A phone number or HKID number is stored as text, not a number, because it is never used in calculation and may start with 0 or contain letters.
電話號碼或身份證號碼應以文字儲存而非數字，因為它們不會用於計算，而且可能以 0 開頭或包含字母。

Components of an information system 資訊系統的組成部分

An information system (IS) collects, processes, stores and distributes information to meet a purpose, e.g. a school's attendance system.
資訊系統為達到某個目的而收集、處理、儲存及發放資訊，例如學校的點名系統。
Its five components: purpose, data, processes, information technology (hardware, software, networks) and personnel (users and IT staff).
資訊系統的五個組成部分：目的、數據、處理程序、資訊科技（硬件、軟件、網絡）及人員（使用者及資訊科技人員）。
Example — Octopus card system: purpose = fast cashless payment; data = card ID, balance, time; technology = card readers, servers; personnel = passengers, shop staff, technicians.
例子——八達通系統：目的＝快捷的電子付款；數據＝卡號、餘額、時間；科技＝讀卡器、伺服器；人員＝乘客、店員、技術人員。
The input → process → output model, with storage and feedback, describes how every information system works.
輸入 → 處理 → 輸出模型，加上儲存及回饋，說明所有資訊系統的運作方式。

The information processes 資訊處理程序

Collection: gathering data, e.g. an online form, a barcode scanner, a sensor.
收集：搜集數據，例如網上表格、條碼掃描器、感應器。
Organisation: arranging data into a structure, e.g. tables, fields and records, folders.
組織：把數據編排成某種結構，例如表格、欄位與記錄、資料夾。
Analysis: examining data to find patterns or answers, e.g. finding the most popular lunch option.
分析：檢視數據以找出規律或答案，例如找出最受歡迎的午餐選擇。
Storage: keeping data for later use, e.g. on an SSD or in the cloud. Processing: changing data, e.g. calculating, sorting, searching.
儲存：保存數據以供日後使用，例如存於固態硬碟或雲端。處理：改變數據，例如計算、排序、搜尋。
Transmission: sending data from one place to another, e.g. email, Wi-Fi. Presentation: showing information in a suitable form, e.g. a chart, a report, a web page.
傳送：把數據由一處送往另一處，例如電郵、Wi-Fi。展示：以合適形式顯示資訊，例如圖表、報告、網頁。

Computer and non-computer contexts 電腦與非電腦情境

The same seven processes happen with or without computers.
無論有沒有電腦，同樣的七個處理程序都會出現。
Non-computer example: a teacher collects paper answer sheets, marks them by hand, records marks in a mark book and reads results aloud.
非電腦例子：老師收集紙本答題紙、人手批改、把分數記在分數簿，然後讀出成績。
Computer example: students submit an online quiz; the system marks it automatically, stores results in a database and shows a chart to the teacher.
電腦例子：學生提交網上測驗；系統自動批改、把成績存入數據庫，並以圖表向老師展示。
Computers make processing faster, more accurate, cheaper to repeat and easier to share, but need investment, training and security.
電腦令處理過程更快、更準確、重複處理成本更低及更易分享，但需要投資、培訓及保安措施。

The Information Age 資訊年代

In the Information Age, information is a key resource; the economy depends on creating, sharing and using information.
在資訊年代，資訊是重要資源；經濟依賴資訊的創造、分享及運用。
A knowledge-based society values people who can turn information into new ideas, products and services.
知識型社會重視能夠把資訊轉化為新意念、新產品及新服務的人。
Features: fast global communication, e-commerce, online learning, remote working, huge amounts of data (big data).
特徵：快速的全球通訊、電子商貿、網上學習、遙距工作、海量數據（大數據）。
Problems: information overload, fake news, privacy risks and the digital divide.
問題：資訊泛濫、假新聞、私隱風險及數碼隔膜。

Information literacy 資訊素養

Information literacy is the ability to identify what information is needed, locate it, evaluate it, use it effectively and ethically, and communicate it.
資訊素養是確定所需資訊、搜尋資訊、評鑑資訊，並有效及合乎道德地運用和傳達資訊的能力。
Evaluate a source by checking its author, date, purpose, accuracy and bias — e.g. compare with a government or official website.
評鑑資料來源時要檢查其作者、日期、目的、準確性及偏見——例如與政府或官方網站比較。
Using information ethically means citing sources and respecting copyright and privacy.
合乎道德地運用資訊，即是註明出處並尊重版權及私隱。
Information literacy is important because in a knowledge-based society, people must learn for life and judge information critically.
資訊素養十分重要，因為在知識型社會中，人們必須終身學習並批判地判斷資訊。

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Câu hỏi luyện tập

Xem trước miễn phí — 8 trên 36 câu hỏi. Đăng ký để xem tất cả.

1.Which of the following is the BEST description of data? 以下哪項最能描述數據？
Easy
- ARaw facts and figures without context 沒有上下文的原始事實和數字
- BProcessed facts that are meaningful to the user 對使用者有意義的已處理事實
- CA decision made by a manager 經理所作的決定
- DA report printed for the principal 為校長打印的報告
2.Which of the following is an example of information? 以下哪項是資訊的例子？
Easy
- A1.62, 1.75, 1.58
- BMary is the tallest student in 4A 瑪麗是 4A 班最高的學生
- C20260928
- DPeter, Mary, John
3.The same set of data always produces the same information for every user. 同一組數據對所有使用者都必然產生相同的資訊。
Easy
True or false?
4.Which of the following should be stored as text rather than number data? 以下哪項應以文字而非數字數據儲存？
Easy
- AThe weight of a parcel 包裹的重量
- BThe price of a meal 一頓飯的價錢
- CThe telephone number of a customer 顧客的電話號碼
- DThe number of pages in a book 一本書的頁數
5.Match each item with its type of data. 把每個項目配對其數據類型。
Easy
- A podcast episode 一集播客
- A scanned photo 一張掃描相片
- A student's surname 學生的姓氏
- A recorded lesson with sound 一段有聲課堂錄影
- Audio 聲音
- Image 圖像
- Text 文字
- Video 視像
6.Which of the following are components of an information system? (Select all that apply) 以下哪些是資訊系統的組成部分？（選出所有正確答案）
Medium
- APurpose 目的
- BPersonnel 人員
- CProfit 利潤
- DProcesses 處理程序
- EAdvertising 廣告
7.In the Octopus card payment system, which of the following is part of the personnel component? 在八達通付款系統中，以下哪項屬於人員部分？
Medium
- AThe card reader at the MTR gate 港鐵閘口的讀卡器
- BThe card balance 卡內餘額
- CDeducting the fare from the card 從卡中扣除車資
- DThe technician who maintains the servers 維修伺服器的技術人員
8.What is the main PURPOSE of a school's electronic attendance system? 學校電子點名系統的主要目的是甚麼？
Easy
- ATo record and report student attendance quickly and accurately 快速準確地記錄及報告學生出席情況
- BTo store the photos of all students 儲存所有學生的相片
- CTo replace all teachers 取代所有老師
- DTo send advertisements to parents 向家長發送廣告

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9.Put these stages of an online survey into a sensible order of information processes. 把網上問卷的以下步驟按合理的資訊處理次序排列。
Easy
- Collection: students fill in the online form 收集：學生填寫網上表格
- Organisation: responses are arranged into a table 組織：回應被編排成表格
- Analysis: the most popular answer is found 分析：找出最受歡迎的答案
- Presentation: a pie chart is shown at assembly 展示：在早會上展示圓形圖
10.A supermarket scans the barcode of each item at the checkout. Which information process does the scanning mainly perform? 超級市場在收銀處掃描每件貨品的條碼。掃描主要執行哪個資訊處理程序？
Easy
- APresentation 展示
- BCollection 收集
- CTransmission 傳送
- DAnalysis 分析
11.Backing up the school's database to a cloud server every night is an example of which information process? 每晚把學校數據庫備份到雲端伺服器，是哪個資訊處理程序的例子？
Easy
- APresentation 展示
- BAnalysis 分析
- CStorage 儲存
- DCollection 收集
12.Match each activity with the information process it shows. 把每項活動配對其所展示的資訊處理程序。
Medium
- Sorting student records by class number 按學號排列學生記錄
- Emailing a report to parents 以電郵把報告寄給家長
- Displaying results as a line graph 以折線圖顯示結果
- Looking for a trend in sales over five years 找出五年間的銷售趨勢
- Processing 處理
- Transmission 傳送
- Presentation 展示
- Analysis 分析
13.Information processes such as collection and presentation can only take place in a computer system. 收集和展示等資訊處理程序只可在電腦系統中進行。
Easy
True or false?
14.Which of the following is a non-computer example of information processing? 以下哪項是非電腦的資訊處理例子？
Easy
- AA spreadsheet calculating the average mark 試算表計算平均分
- BA student submitting homework on an e-learning platform 學生在電子學習平台提交功課
- CAn ATM checking a customer's PIN 自動櫃員機檢查顧客密碼
- DA teacher writing marks in a paper mark book 老師把分數寫在紙本分數簿上
15.Which of the following are advantages of using a computer instead of a manual system to process examination marks? (1) Calculations are faster. (2) Results can be sent to parents electronically. (3) No data entry errors can occur. 以下哪些是以電腦代替人手處理考試分數的優點？(1) 計算更快。(2) 成績可以電子方式發送給家長。(3) 不會出現任何數據輸入錯誤。
Medium
- A(1) only 只有 (1)
- B(1) and (2) only 只有 (1) 和 (2)
- C(2) and (3) only 只有 (2) 和 (3)
- D(1), (2) and (3) (1)、(2) 和 (3)
16.Which of the following is a disadvantage of computerising a small shop's stock records? 以下哪項是把小店存貨記錄電腦化的缺點？
Medium
- AStaff need training and the system costs money to set up 員工需要培訓，而且建立系統需要成本
- BStock levels can be checked instantly 可即時查看存貨量
- CReports can be produced automatically 可自動產生報告
- DRecords take up less physical space 記錄佔用較少實體空間
17.Which of the following is a feature of the Information Age? 以下哪項是資訊年代的特徵？
Easy
- AMost workers are employed in farming 大部分工人從事農業
- BInformation is a key resource and can be shared globally in seconds 資訊是重要資源，並可在數秒內全球分享
- CLetters are the main way to communicate overseas 書信是與海外通訊的主要方式
- DVery little data is produced each day 每天產生的數據極少
18.In a knowledge-based society, which ability is MOST valued? 在知識型社會中，哪種能力最受重視？
Medium
- AMemorising large amounts of facts 背誦大量事實
- BDoing repetitive manual work quickly 快速地做重複的體力工作
- CTurning information into new ideas, products and services 把資訊轉化為新意念、新產品及新服務
- DTyping without making any mistakes 打字完全沒有錯誤
19.Which of the following are problems that come with the Information Age? (Select all that apply) 以下哪些是資訊年代帶來的問題？（選出所有正確答案）
Easy
- AInformation overload 資訊泛濫
- BThe spread of fake news 假新聞傳播
- CFaster communication 通訊更快捷
- DThreats to personal privacy 個人私隱受威脅
20.Which of the following BEST describes information literacy? 以下哪項最能描述資訊素養？
Easy
- ABeing able to type fast 能夠快速打字
- BKnowing how to repair a computer 懂得修理電腦
- CReading every web page found by a search engine 閱讀搜尋器找到的每一個網頁
- DBeing able to find, evaluate and use information effectively and ethically 能夠有效及合乎道德地搜尋、評鑑和運用資訊
21.Put the steps of information literacy in order. 把資訊素養的步驟按次序排列。
Easy
- Identify the information needed 確定所需資訊
- Locate the information 搜尋資訊
- Evaluate the information 評鑑資訊
- Use and communicate the information 運用及傳達資訊
22.Which of the following is the MOST reliable way to check a statistic about Hong Kong's population? 以下哪個是查證香港人口統計數字最可靠的方法？
Easy
- ACheck the Census and Statistics Department website 查閱政府統計處網站
- BAsk a friend on social media 在社交媒體問朋友
- CUse the first result in a search engine 使用搜尋器的第一個結果
- DCheck an anonymous online forum 查看匿名網上論壇
23.When evaluating a website for a school project, which should a student check? (Select all that apply) 為專題研習評鑑網站時，學生應查核哪些項目？（選出所有正確答案）
Easy
- AWho the author is 作者是誰
- BWhen it was last updated 最後更新日期
- CWhether the page has bright colours 網頁顏色是否鮮艷
- DWhether it shows bias 是否帶有偏見
24.To be useful, information must be timely — old information may lead to wrong decisions. 有用的資訊必須適時——過時的資訊可能導致錯誤決定。
Easy
True or false?
25.A weather app shows yesterday's forecast by mistake. Which quality of good information is missing? 天氣應用程式錯誤地顯示昨天的天氣預報。這缺少了好資訊的哪種特質？
Medium
- ARelevance 相關
- BTimeliness 適時
- CCompleteness 完整
- DPresentation 展示
26.The digital divide refers to the gap between people who have access to ICT and those who do not. 數碼隔膜是指能使用與不能使用資訊及通訊科技的人之間的差距。
Easy
True or false?
27.Students choosing dishes on their phones is mainly which process? 學生用手機選擇菜式主要屬於哪個程序？
Medium
- APresentation 展示
- BAnalysis 分析
- CCollection 收集
- DStorage 儲存
28.Working out which dish is most popular each week is mainly which process? 找出每星期最受歡迎的菜式主要屬於哪個程序？
Medium
- ATransmission 傳送
- BCollection 收集
- COrganisation 組織
- DAnalysis 分析
29.Which of the following is part of the information technology component of this system? 以下哪項屬於此系統的資訊科技部分？
Medium
- AThe web server that stores the orders 儲存訂單的網頁伺服器
- BThe kitchen staff 廚房員工
- CThe list of dishes ordered 已訂菜式清單
- DReducing food waste 減少廚餘
30.The weekly chart sent to the principal is an example of presentation. 每星期送給校長的圖表是展示的例子。
Easy
True or false?
31.Complete the definition. 完成定義。
Easy
Data that has been processed so that it is meaningful is called ____.
32.Name the information process. 說出資訊處理程序的名稱。
Easy
Sending examination results from the school server to parents' phones is the information process called ____.
33.Name the type of data used for a voice message recorded on a phone. 說出手機錄製的語音訊息屬於哪種數據類型。
Easy
34.Which of the following statements about data and information are correct? (1) Information is produced by processing data. (2) Information must be accurate to be useful. (3) Data always has meaning on its own. 以下哪些關於數據和資訊的陳述是正確的？(1) 資訊由處理數據而產生。(2) 資訊必須準確才有用。(3) 數據本身必定有意義。
Medium
- A(1) and (2) only 只有 (1) 和 (2)
- B(1) and (3) only 只有 (1) 和 (3)
- C(2) and (3) only 只有 (2) 和 (3)
- D(1), (2) and (3) (1)、(2) 和 (3)
35.A hospital uses sensors to record patients' heart rates every second and alerts nurses when a value is abnormal. Which pair of processes is shown? 醫院以感應器每秒記錄病人心率，並在數值異常時提醒護士。這顯示了哪兩個程序？
Medium
- AOrganisation and storage 組織和儲存
- BCollection and transmission 收集和傳送
- CPresentation and organisation 展示和組織
- DStorage and analysis only 只有儲存和分析
36.Citing the source of a picture used in a project is part of using information ethically. 在專題中註明圖片的出處是合乎道德地運用資訊的一部分。
Easy
True or false?

Ghi chú ôn tập

## Data vs information 數據與資訊 - **Data** means raw facts; **information** = processed, meaningful data. 數據＝原始事實；資訊＝經處理、有意義的數據。 - Good information is **accurate, relevant, timely, complete**. 好資訊須準確、相關、適時、完整。 ## Types of data 數據類型 - Text, number, image, audio, video. 文字、數字、圖像、聲音、視像。 ## Information system 資訊系統 - Purpose, data, processes, information technology, personnel. 目的、數據、處理程序、資訊科技、人員。 ## Seven processes 七個處理程序 - Collection, organisation, analysis, storage, processing, transmission, presentation. 收集、組織、分析、儲存、處理、傳送、展示。 - Happen in computer and non-computer contexts. 在電腦及非電腦情境中都會出現。 ## Information Age 資訊年代 - Knowledge-based society; problems: overload, fake news, privacy, digital divide. 知識型社會；問題：資訊泛濫、假新聞、私隱、數碼隔膜。 - **Information literacy**: identify, locate, evaluate, use, communicate. 資訊素養：確定、搜尋、評鑑、運用、傳達。

Data 數據: Raw facts and figures without context. 沒有上下文的原始事實和數字。
Information 資訊: Data processed so that it is meaningful and useful. 經處理而有意義和有用的數據。
Information system 資訊系統: A system that collects, processes, stores and distributes information for a purpose. 為某目的收集、處理、儲存及發放資訊的系統。
Personnel 人員: The people in an information system: users and IT staff. 資訊系統中的人：使用者及資訊科技人員。
Collection 收集: Gathering data into a system. 把數據搜集到系統中。
Transmission 傳送: Sending data from one place to another. 把數據由一處送往另一處。
Presentation 展示: Showing information in a suitable form such as a chart or report. 以圖表或報告等合適形式顯示資訊。
Knowledge-based society 知識型社會: A society that values creating new ideas and services from information. 重視從資訊創造新意念和服務的社會。
Information literacy 資訊素養: The ability to identify, locate, evaluate, use and communicate information. 確定、搜尋、評鑑、運用及傳達資訊的能力。
Digital divide 數碼隔膜: The gap between those with and without access to ICT. 能與不能使用資訊及通訊科技的人之間的差距。

Thẻ ghi nhớ

Data vs information? 數據與資訊的分別？

Data are raw facts; information is processed, meaningful data. 數據＝原始事實；資訊＝經處理、有意義的數據。

Five types of data? 五種數據類型？

Text, number, image, audio, video. 文字、數字、圖像、聲音、視像。

Five components of an information system? 資訊系統的五個組成部分？

Purpose, data, processes, information technology, personnel. 目的、數據、處理程序、資訊科技、人員。

Seven information processes? 七個資訊處理程序？

Collection, organisation, analysis, storage, processing, transmission, presentation. 收集、組織、分析、儲存、處理、傳送、展示。

Why is a phone number stored as text? 為何電話號碼以文字儲存？

It is never calculated and may start with 0. 它不會用於計算，並可能以 0 開頭。

Four qualities of good information? 好資訊的四種特質？

Accurate, relevant, timely, complete. 準確、相關、適時、完整。

One advantage and one disadvantage of computer-based processing? 電腦處理的一個優點和一個缺點？

Faster and more accurate; but costs money and needs training. 更快更準確；但需要成本及培訓。

What is a knowledge-based society? 甚麼是知識型社會？

A society that values turning information into new ideas, products and services. 重視把資訊轉化為新意念、產品及服務的社會。

What is information literacy? 甚麼是資訊素養？

Identifying, locating, evaluating, using and communicating information effectively and ethically. 有效及合乎道德地確定、搜尋、評鑑、運用及傳達資訊。

How do you evaluate a source? 如何評鑑資料來源？

Check author, date, purpose, accuracy and bias. 查核作者、日期、目的、準確性及偏見。

What is the digital divide? 甚麼是數碼隔膜？

The gap between people with and without access to ICT. 能與不能使用資訊及通訊科技的人之間的差距。

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