Development and global inequality

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What is development?

Development is the progress a country makes in improving the lives of its people — economically, socially and politically.
Economic development means more wealth and jobs; social development means better health, education and living standards.
Countries are often grouped as higher-income (HICs), newly emerging economies (NEEs) such as India and Brazil, and lower-income countries (LICs).
The development gap is the difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries.

Measuring development

GNI per capita (gross national income per person) measures average income; it hides inequality within a country.
Life expectancy: the average number of years a person can expect to live.
Infant mortality rate: deaths of babies under one year old per 1000 live births — high in LICs because of poor healthcare and sanitation.
Literacy rate: the percentage of adults who can read and write.
Birth rate and death rate are given per 1000 people per year; birth rates are usually higher in LICs.

The Human Development Index

The HDI is a composite measure produced by the United Nations.
It combines three things: life expectancy, education (years of schooling) and income (GNI per capita).
It is a number between 0 and 1; the closer to 1, the more developed the country.
Countries such as Norway and Switzerland score over 0.95; some countries in the Sahel, such as Niger and Chad, score below 0.4.
Using several indicators gives a fuller picture than any single one.

Physical causes of uneven development

Landlocked countries have no coastline, which makes trade more expensive.
Frequent natural hazards (droughts, floods, tropical storms) destroy homes, crops and infrastructure and use up money for rebuilding.
Extreme climates can make farming difficult and water scarce.
Tropical diseases such as malaria reduce the number of people fit to work.

Human causes of uneven development

Colonialism: many LICs were colonies whose raw materials were exported to benefit the colonial power, leaving little industry.
Trade: countries that export low-value raw materials (primary products) and import expensive manufactured goods earn less.
Debt: money borrowed and repaid with interest takes spending away from schools and hospitals.
Conflict and corruption damage the economy and drive investment away.

Reducing the development gap

Aid: help given by one country or organisation to another — short-term emergency aid after a disaster, or long-term development aid for things like schools and wells.
Aid can be bilateral (government to government), multilateral (through organisations like the World Bank) or given by NGOs (charities such as Oxfam and WaterAid).
Fair trade guarantees farmers a minimum price and an extra premium to invest in their communities.
Debt relief: cancelling some debt so money can be spent on development.
Investment by transnational corporations brings jobs; microfinance gives small loans to start businesses.
Intermediate technology is simple, affordable technology local people can maintain, such as hand pumps.

The Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015 the United Nations agreed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reach by 2030.
They include ending poverty and hunger, good health, quality education, gender equality and clean water and sanitation.
They apply to every country, not only lower-income ones.

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1.What does 'development' mean in geography?
Easy
- AThe progress a country makes in improving the lives of its people
- BThe number of people living in a country
- CThe size of a country's land area
- DThe building of new roads only
2.What is the development gap?
Easy
- AThe distance between two capital cities
- BThe gap between the birth rate and death rate
- CThe time it takes a country to industrialise
- DThe difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries
3.What does GNI per capita measure?
Easy
- AHow long people live on average
- BThe number of babies born per 1000 people
- CThe average income per person in a country
- DThe number of people who can read
4.What is a weakness of GNI per capita as a measure of development?
Medium
- AIt is the same for every country
- BIt is an average, so it hides big differences between rich and poor people
- CIt cannot be measured in money
- DIt only measures health
5.What is the infant mortality rate?
Easy
- AThe number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births
- BThe number of children in school
- CThe number of births per 1000 people
- DThe average age of the population
6.What is life expectancy?
Easy
- AThe age at which people retire
- BThe number of people over 65
- CThe number of years children spend in school
- DThe average number of years a person can expect to live
7.What does HDI stand for?
Easy
- AHousehold Debt Index
- BHuman Demographic Increase
- CHuman Development Index
- DHealth and Disease Indicator
8.Which three things are combined in the Human Development Index?
Medium
- AIncome, climate and area
- BLife expectancy, education and income
- CBirth rate, death rate and population
- DLiteracy, farming and trade

Thêm câu hỏi

9.A country has an HDI of 0.95. What does this suggest?
Medium
- AIt is highly developed
- BIt is one of the least developed countries
- CIts population is 95 million
- D95% of its people are farmers
10.Why is the HDI thought to be a better measure of development than GNI per capita alone?
Medium
- AIt only uses one simple figure
- BIt measures only wealth
- CIt ignores education
- DIt combines social and economic indicators
11.Which of these countries is usually described as a newly emerging economy (NEE)?
Medium
- AChad
- BSwitzerland
- CIndia
- DNorway
12.Why can being landlocked slow a country's development?
Medium
- AIt has no natural resources
- BIt has no coastline, so exporting and importing goods is more expensive
- CIt has too much coastline to defend
- DIt cannot grow any crops
13.How can frequent natural hazards slow development?
Medium
- AMoney must be spent rebuilding instead of on schools and hospitals
- BThey always increase tourism
- CThey make farmland more fertile every year
- DThey encourage investment
14.How has colonialism contributed to uneven development?
Medium
- AColonies were given large amounts of aid
- BColonialism built factories in every colony
- CColonies were free to trade with anyone
- DColonies' raw materials were exported to benefit the colonial power, leaving little industry
15.Why do countries that mainly export primary products often stay poor?
Medium
- AManufactured goods are cheaper than raw materials
- BPrimary products cannot be sold abroad
- CRaw materials earn much less than the manufactured goods they must import
- DPrimary products are always in short supply
16.How can debt slow a country's development?
Medium
- ADebt increases life expectancy
- BRepaying loans and interest takes money away from services like health and education
- CDebt always creates new jobs
- DDebt is paid by other countries
17.What is emergency aid?
Easy
- AShort-term help such as food, water and shelter after a disaster
- BLong-term projects like building schools
- CLoans that must be repaid with interest
- DMoney raised by selling exports
18.Aid given directly from one government to another is called…
Medium
- Amultilateral aid
- BNGO aid
- Cfair trade
- Dbilateral aid
19.Which of these is an NGO?
Medium
- AThe World Bank
- BThe United Nations
- COxfam
- DThe UK government
20.How does fair trade help farmers in lower-income countries?
Medium
- AIt gives farmers free machinery
- BIt guarantees a minimum price plus a premium to invest in the community
- CIt removes all taxes on their crops
- DIt pays farmers to stop growing crops
21.What is intermediate technology?
Medium
- ASimple, affordable technology that local people can build and maintain
- BThe most advanced technology available
- CTechnology imported from HICs that needs specialist engineers
- DComputers used in schools
22.What is microfinance?
Medium
- AVery large loans to governments
- BMoney given by one government to another
- CA tax on imports
- DSmall loans to people who could not get a normal bank loan, often to start a business
23.How many Sustainable Development Goals did the United Nations agree in 2015?
Easy
- A10
- B25
- C17
- D8
24.
The table shows data for two countries.
Indicator Country X Country Y
Life expectancy (years) 83 55
Infant mortality (per 1000) 3 70
Adult literacy 99% 40%
Which conclusion is best supported?
Medium
- ACountry Y has better healthcare than Country X
- BCountry X is much more developed than Country Y
- CCountry Y is more developed than Country X
- DBoth countries are at the same level of development
25.In the same table, Country Y has an infant mortality rate of 70 per 1000. What does this mean?
Medium
- A70 of every 1000 babies born die before their first birthday
- B70 babies are born per 1000 people each year
- C70% of babies die
- DBabies live for 70 years on average
26.Which is a possible DISADVANTAGE of long-term aid?
Hard
- AIt always has to be repaid with high interest
- BIt is only given after disasters
- CIt can never be used for schools
- DCountries can become dependent on it, and some may not reach the people who need it
27.Which of these are social measures of development? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ALife expectancy
- BInfant mortality rate
- CGNI per capita
- DValue of exports
- ELiteracy rate
28.Which of these are physical causes of uneven development? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ATropical diseases such as malaria
- BA history of colonialism
- CLarge national debt
- DBeing landlocked
- EFrequent droughts or floods
29.Which of these are strategies to reduce the development gap? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ARaising tariffs on exports from LICs
- BCutting all aid
- CFair trade
- DDebt relief
- EMicrofinance loans
30.Which of these are included in the Sustainable Development Goals? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ABuilding more motorways
- BEnding poverty
- CQuality education
- DClean water and sanitation
- EIncreasing coal use
31.Birth rates are usually higher in lower-income countries than in higher-income countries.
Easy
True or false?
32.The HDI is measured on a scale from 0 to 100.
Easy
True or false?
33.Multilateral aid is given through international organisations such as the World Bank.
Easy
True or false?
34.A high infant mortality rate is a sign of a highly developed country.
Medium
True or false?
35.The Sustainable Development Goals apply only to lower-income countries.
Medium
True or false?
36.Fair trade guarantees farmers a minimum price for their crops.
Medium
True or false?
37.Match each indicator to what it measures.
Medium
- GNI per capita
- Life expectancy
- Literacy rate
- Infant mortality rate
- Average income per person
- Average length of life
- Percentage of adults who can read and write
- Deaths of babies under one per 1000 live births
38.Match each type of aid to its description.
Medium
- Emergency aid
- Long-term aid
- Bilateral aid
- Multilateral aid
- Food and shelter straight after a disaster
- Projects such as schools and wells
- Given directly from one government to another
- Given through organisations like the World Bank
39.Match each cause of uneven development to its type.
Medium
- Tropical storms
- Colonial history
- Malaria
- Debt repayments
- Physical
- Human
40.Put these countries in order of HDI, highest first.
Medium
- India
- Niger
- Norway
41.Put these steps of a debt cycle in a logical order.
Medium
- The country borrows money
- Interest must be paid on the loan
- Less money is left for schools and hospitals
- Development slows, so the country borrows again
42.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries is called the development ____.
43.Complete the sentence.
Medium
The HDI combines life expectancy, ____ and income.
44.What name is given to charities such as Oxfam and WaterAid that are not run by governments?
Medium
45.What word describes a country that has no coastline?
Medium
46.In what year are the Sustainable Development Goals meant to be achieved?
Easy
47.Explain why using more than one indicator gives a better picture of a country's development.
Medium
48.Describe two human causes of uneven development.
Hard
49.Evaluate fair trade as a way of reducing the development gap.
Hard

Ghi chú ôn tập

## Development - **Development**: progress in improving people's lives. Groups: **HICs**, **NEEs** (India, Brazil), **LICs**. - **Development gap**: difference between richest and poorest countries. ## Measuring it - **GNI per capita** (average income — hides inequality), **life expectancy**, **infant mortality** (per 1000 live births), **literacy rate**, birth and death rates. - **HDI** (UN): life expectancy + education + income, from 0 to 1. Norway > 0.95; Niger < 0.4. ## Causes of uneven development - **Physical**: landlocked, natural hazards, harsh climate, disease (malaria). - **Human**: colonialism, trade in low-value primary products, debt, conflict and corruption. ## Reducing the gap - **Aid**: emergency vs long-term; **bilateral**, **multilateral**, **NGO**. Risk of dependency. - **Fair trade** (minimum price + premium), **debt relief**, **investment**, **microfinance**, **intermediate technology**. ## SDGs - 17 UN goals agreed in 2015 for 2030, for all countries.

Development: Progress in improving people's quality of life.
Development gap: The difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries.
GNI per capita: Gross national income divided by the population — average income per person.
Infant mortality rate: Deaths of babies under one year old per 1000 live births.
Life expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live.
HDI: Human Development Index: a UN measure combining life expectancy, education and income (0 to 1).
NEE: Newly emerging economy: a country industrialising fast, such as India or Brazil.
Bilateral aid: Aid given directly from one government to another.
Multilateral aid: Aid given through international organisations such as the World Bank.
Fair trade: Trade that guarantees producers a minimum price and a community premium.
Intermediate technology: Simple, affordable technology local people can build and maintain.
Microfinance: Small loans to people without access to normal banking.

Thẻ ghi nhớ

What is development?

Progress in improving people's quality of life — wealth, health and education.

What is the development gap?

The difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries.

What does GNI per capita measure, and what is its weakness?

Average income per person; it hides inequality within a country.

Define infant mortality rate.

Deaths of babies under one year old per 1000 live births.

What three things make up the HDI?

Life expectancy, education and income.

What range does the HDI use?

0 to 1 — closer to 1 is more developed.

Give two examples of NEEs.

India and Brazil.

Give two physical causes of uneven development.

Any two of: being landlocked, natural hazards, harsh climate, disease.

Give two human causes of uneven development.

Any two of: colonialism, trade in primary products, debt, conflict, corruption.

Emergency aid vs long-term aid?

Emergency aid is immediate help after a disaster; long-term aid funds lasting projects like schools and wells.

Bilateral vs multilateral aid?

Bilateral is government to government; multilateral goes through organisations like the World Bank.

How does fair trade help farmers?

A guaranteed minimum price plus a premium for community projects.

What is intermediate technology?

Simple, affordable technology local people can maintain, such as a hand pump.

How many SDGs are there, and by when?

17 goals, to be reached by 2030.

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Indicator	Country X	Country Y
Life expectancy (years)	83	55
Infant mortality (per 1000)	3	70
Adult literacy	99%	40%