Mughal India

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Founding of the Mughal Empire

  • The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur, a Central Asian ruler descended from Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
  • Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat using firearms and cannons to overcome a larger army.
  • After his victory, the centre of Mughal power shifted to Agra.
  • A year later, at the Battle of Khanwa, Babur's forces defeated the combined Rajput armies of Rana Sanga of Mewar.
  • Babur's son Humayun was forced into exile in Persia by the rebel Sher Shah Suri, but later returned to restore Mughal rule in 1555.

Akbar and Religious Tolerance

  • Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) was Babur's grandson and is often credited with establishing the Mughal imperial structure.
  • Akbar is known for his policy of religious tolerance, which helped to equalise and placate the diverse peoples and cultures the Mughals ruled.
  • He implemented agricultural taxes that became the basis of the empire's wealth; these taxes were paid in silver currency.
  • Akbar's administrative reforms led to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule.
  • He encouraged diverse ruling elites to participate in government, which helped to integrate different groups into the empire.

Mughal Government and Administration

  • The Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, but it did not vigorously suppress the cultures it ruled.
  • Instead, it used new administrative practices and diverse ruling elites to create more efficient and centralised rule.
  • The empire's collective wealth was based on agricultural taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator.
  • Taxes were paid in well-regulated silver currency, which allowed peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
  • The relative peace maintained during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion.

Wealth and Trade

  • The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court.
  • There was conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, leading to greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.
  • This patronage was especially strong during the reign of Shah Jahan.
  • The empire's wealth supported a flourishing of art and culture.

Art and Architecture

  • The Mughals are famous for their architecture, including the Taj Mahal, built under Shah Jahan.
  • The Taj Mahal has been described as 'the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage'.
  • Other Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia include Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, and Shalamar Gardens.
  • Mughal art also included painting, literary forms, and textiles.

Aurangzeb and the Empire's Decline

  • Aurangzeb was the last major Mughal emperor, during whose reign the empire reached its maximum geographical extent.
  • After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire declined; by 1760 it was reduced to the region in and around Old Delhi.
  • The empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
  • The growing power of the East India Company was a key factor in the empire's decline.

Names and Identity

  • The word Mughal is the Indo-Persian form of Mongol, but the dynasty's early followers were Chagatai Turks, not Mongols.
  • The term Mughal was applied to them in India to distinguish them from the Afghan elite who ruled the Delhi Sultanate.
  • The closest to an official name for the empire was Hindustan, as documented in the Ain-i-Akbari.
  • The Mughal dynasty called themselves Gurkani, a reference to their descent from Timur, who took the title Gūrkān ('son-in-law').

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Câu hỏi luyện tập

Xem trước miễn phí — 8 trên 63 câu hỏi. Đăng ký để xem tất cả.
  1. 1.In which year was the Mughal Empire founded by Babur?

    Easy
    • A1526
    • B1600
    • C1556
    • D1720
  2. 2.Who was the Sultan of Delhi defeated by Babur at the First Battle of Panipat?

    Easy
    • AIbrahim Lodi
    • BSher Shah Suri
    • CRana Sanga
    • DAurangzeb
  3. 3.Which Mughal emperor is credited with implementing the agricultural tax system that formed the basis of the empire's wealth?

    Medium
    • AAkbar
    • BBabur
    • CShah Jahan
    • DAurangzeb
  4. 4.Which Mughal emperor's reign saw the empire reach its maximum geographical extent?

    Medium
    • AAurangzeb
    • BAkbar
    • CShah Jahan
    • DBabur
  5. 5.The Taj Mahal, described as 'the jewel of Muslim art in India', was built during the reign of which Mughal emperor?

    Medium
    • AShah Jahan
    • BAkbar
    • CAurangzeb
    • DHumayun
  6. 6.What was the primary source of the Mughal Empire's collective wealth?

    Medium
    • AAgricultural taxes
    • BOverseas colonies
    • CSilver mining
    • DSilk exports
  7. 7.Which Mughal emperor's reign is associated with the establishment of the imperial structure that lasted until 1720?

    Medium
    • AAkbar
    • BBabur
    • CShah Jahan
    • DAurangzeb
  8. 8.Which of the following was a consequence of Humayun's exile in Persia?

    Hard
    • AIncreased Persian cultural influence in the later Mughal Empire
    • BThe founding of the Mughal Empire
    • CThe construction of the Taj Mahal
    • DThe defeat of Ibrahim Lodi

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