Resources and ecosystem interactions

9.Decomposers break down the remains of dead plants and animals.

10.The biosphere is the part of the Earth where living organisms exist, including all ecosystems.

11.Match each type of interaction with its correct description.

12.Arrange the levels of ecological organization from the smallest to the largest.

13.Which of the following are examples of mutualism? (Select all that apply)

14.Which of the following are abiotic factors in an ecosystem? (Select all that apply)

15.Match each feeding type with its correct description.

16.Put the following events in the correct order to show how a drought might affect a grassland ecosystem.

17.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. In the Ogden Pond ecosystem, which organism would be most affected if the water pH became more acidic (lower pH)?

18.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. Based on the Ogden Pond data, which organism has the highest average available food per individual?

19.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. Suppose every organism's own ideal sunlight requirement suddenly increased by 50%. Which organism would need the largest increase in hours of sunlight per day?

20.Which of the following are examples of competition in an ecosystem? (Select all that apply)

21.In a balanced ecosystem, there are usually more predators than prey.

22.A student is studying a 10 m × 10 m square in a grassland ecosystem. They use a thermometer to measure air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm depth. Which of the following is the most likely reason for measuring both air and soil temperature?

23.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. In the Ogden Pond ecosystem, if a chemical spill raises the pH of the water from 6.5 to 9.0, which organism would be most directly affected?

24.Which of the following are appropriate methods to study the abiotic factors of an ecosystem, based on the 'Studying an ecosystem' activity? (Select all that apply)

25.In the 'Studying an ecosystem' activity, the size of the study square is defined as 10 m x 10 m, and the square is divided into four quadrants.

26.A student wants to investigate how the availability of water affects the growth of grass in a grassland ecosystem. Which experimental design would best test this?

27.Based on the patterns of interactions described for forest, coral reef, and grassland ecosystems, which of the following predictions are likely for a desert ecosystem? (Select all that apply)

28.Which term describes an organism that can make its own food through photosynthesis?

29.Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor?

30.What is the term for an organism that eats only plant material?

31.Which type of symbiosis occurs when one species benefits and the other is unaffected?

32.Complete the sentence.

33.What is the term for an organism that cannot make its own food and must eat other organisms?

34.What is the name for the type of symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected?

35.Explain why there are usually more zebras than cheetahs in a balanced savanna ecosystem.

36.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. Using the data from the Ogden Pond ecosystem, explain how the availability of food affects the population of fish.

37.In the 'Studying an ecosystem' activity, a student observes that the soil sample contains small pieces of dead leaves and insects. Explain how this observation relates to the role of decomposers in the ecosystem.

38.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. In the Ogden Pond data, how many more fish are there than frogs?

39.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. In the Ogden Pond ecosystem, if the available food for frogs is cut in half, how many frogs could the ecosystem support if each frog needs the same amount of food as before? (Assume the number of frogs is directly proportional to food availability and round to the nearest whole number.)

40.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. In the Ogden Pond ecosystem, how many more grams of average available food do fish have than frogs?

41.| Organism | Number of organisms | Average available food (g) | Suitable water pH | Ideal sunlight (hrs/day) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Frogs | 150 | 1000 | 6.5 | 8 | | Fish | 200 | 8000 | 7.0 | 10 | | Pond Snails | 300 | 500 | 6.8 | 6 | | Water Lilies | 100 | 150 | 7.2 | 9 | | Dragonflies | 50 | 200 | 6.5 | 11 | Table 1: Ogden Pond ecosystem. In the Ogden Pond ecosystem, if the available food for pond snails is reduced by 40%, how many grams of food would be available?

42.Brown-headed cowbirds often perch on grazing animals like bison. As the bison walk through the grass, they disturb grasshoppers and other insects, making them easier for the cowbirds to catch and eat. Cowbirds also pick insects directly off the bison's back. The bison show no benefit or harm from carrying the cowbirds. Which statement best describes this interaction?

43.Scientists studied cowbirds laying their eggs in the nests of a different bird, the hooded warbler, over an eight-year study of 847 nests. A nest with a cowbird egg in it is called "parasitized"; a nest without one is "non-parasitized". The table shows the average number of eggs or young hooded warblers at each stage: | Stage | Non-parasitized nests | Parasitized nests | |---|---|---| | Eggs laid | 3.3 | 2.4 | | Survival to hatching | 2.0 | 1.1 | | Egg hatching success | 1.75 | 0.8 | | Survival from hatching to leaving the nest | 1.35 | 0.5 | Which statement is best supported by this data, and shows why cowbird nest parasitism harms the hooded warbler?

44.Hawks and owls are both birds of prey that hunt many of the same small animals, such as mice, in the same fields. Which factor most likely reduces competition between hawks and owls for this shared prey?

45.Hammerhead sharks are predators of cownose rays in a coastal marine ecosystem. Cownose rays feed on clams, oysters, and scallops living on the sea floor. Which statement best describes the hammerhead shark's role in this ecosystem?

46.The food web below shows feeding relationships in a savanna ecosystem. Which of the following organisms are producers in this food web? (Select all that apply)