Drugs In Medicine

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课程笔记

What is a Drug?

A drug is a substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
Some drugs are medicinal drugs used to treat the symptoms or causes of a disease.
Examples of medicinal drugs include painkillers and antibiotics.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are chemical substances that can kill bacterial cells, useful for treating bacterial infections.
They target processes and structures specific to bacterial cells, so they do not harm animal cells.
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, so they are never used to treat viral infections.
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance, meaning the antibiotic no longer kills them.

How Antibiotics Work

Antibiotics kill bacteria by damaging bacterial cell walls or interfering with bacterial metabolism.
They exploit differences between bacterial and human cells to selectively target bacteria.

How antibiotics work: penicillin interferes with bacterial cell wall formation

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance becomes widespread when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics: non-resistant bacteria die, but resistant ones survive and reproduce.
Reducing antibiotic use can slow the spread of resistance.
Doctors prescribe antibiotics only when essential, and never for viral infections.
MRSA (methicillin-resistant×Staphylococcus aureus×) is a dangerous antibiotic-resistant strain.
Resistance genes can spread between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer (via plasmids), in addition to being passed on when resistant bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

Development of antibiotic resistance

Preventing Antibiotic Resistance

Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a doctor.
Complete the full course of antibiotics as directed.
Do not use antibiotics for viral infections like colds or flu.
Good hygiene and vaccination help reduce the need for antibiotics.

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练习题

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1.Which of the following best defines a drug?
Easy
- AA substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
- BA substance that only kills bacteria
- CA substance that only treats symptoms of disease
- DA substance that is always harmful to the body
2.Antibiotics are effective against which type of pathogen?
Easy
- AViruses
- BBacteria
- CFungi
- DProtozoa
3.Antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections.
Easy
True or false?
4.State one reason why antibiotics do not harm human cells.
Easy
5.What is antibiotic resistance?
Easy
- AThe ability of bacteria to produce antibiotics
- BThe ability of bacteria to survive exposure to an antibiotic
- CThe ability of viruses to survive antibiotics
- DThe ability of human cells to resist antibiotics
6.Name the antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria mentioned in the syllabus.
Easy
7.Complete the sentence.
Easy
Antibiotics kill bacteria but have no effect on ____.
8.Arrange the following events in the correct order to show how antibiotic resistance becomes widespread in a bacterial population.
Medium
- Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce
- Exposure to antibiotic kills non-resistant bacteria
- Resistant strain becomes more common
- Some bacteria have a mutation that makes them resistant

更多题目

9.Why do doctors avoid prescribing antibiotics for viral infections?
Easy
- AAntibiotics are too expensive to use for viruses
- BAntibiotics have no effect on viruses
- CAntibiotics make viruses stronger
- DAntibiotics only work on fungi
10.Suggest one way to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Medium
11.Match each type of drug to its correct description.
Easy
- Painkiller
- Antibiotic
- Treats symptoms of disease
- Kills bacteria
12.What does MRSA stand for?
Easy
- AMultiple Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
- BMethicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
- CMethicillin Resistant Streptococcus Aureus
- DMultiple Resistant Streptococcus Aureus
13.Antibiotics are effective against viruses.
Easy
True or false?
14.Antibiotics are used to treat which type of infection?
Easy
- ABacterial infections
- BViral infections
- CFungal infections
- DAll types of infections
15.Which of the following are true about antibiotics? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AThey kill bacteria by damaging bacterial cell walls
- BThey are effective against viral infections
- CThey target processes specific to bacterial cells
- DThey can be used to treat MRSA infections
16.Which of the following are strategies to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- APrescribe antibiotics only when essential
- BUse antibiotics for viral infections
- CComplete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed
- DAvoid using antibiotics in animal feed unnecessarily
17.Arrange the following steps in the correct order to show how antibiotic resistance can develop in a bacterial population over time.
Medium
- Bacteria with resistance genes survive
- Antibiotic kills non-resistant bacteria
- Resistant bacteria reproduce
- Population of resistant bacteria increases
18.A new antibiotic is developed that targets a protein only found in bacterial cell walls. Why is this antibiotic unlikely to harm human cells?
Medium
- AHuman cells do not have cell walls.
- BHuman cells have different proteins in their cell walls.
- CThe antibiotic is broken down by human enzymes.
- DHuman cells are too large for the antibiotic to enter.
19.A student investigates the effect of an antibiotic on bacterial growth. They inoculate agar plates with bacteria and place paper discs soaked in different concentrations of the antibiotic on the agar. After incubation, they measure the diameter of the clear zones around each disc. Which variable should be kept constant to ensure a fair test?
Hard
- ADiameter of the paper discs
- BConcentration of the antibiotic
- CType of bacteria used
- DBoth A and C
20.Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
Easy
True or false?
21.Medicinal drugs are used to treat the symptoms or causes of a disease.
Easy
True or false?
22.Why do antibiotics not harm human cells?
Medium
- AHuman cells have a cell wall that protects them
- BAntibiotics target processes and structures specific to bacterial cells
- CHuman cells are too large for antibiotics to enter
- DAntibiotics only work outside the body
23.Which of the following is an example of a medicinal drug?
Easy
- AAlcohol
- BPainkillers
- CNicotine
- DCaffeine
24.Reducing the use of antibiotics can help reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Easy
True or false?
25.A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
Medium
- AA course of antibiotics
- BRest and fluids only
- CAntiviral medication
- DPainkillers alone
26.A patient is prescribed an antibiotic for a bacterial infection. After a few days, the infection does not improve. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
Easy
- AThe antibiotic is also effective against viruses
- BThe bacteria have developed resistance to the antibiotic
- CThe antibiotic is killing the patient's own cells
- DThe infection is caused by a fungus
27.A new antibiotic is developed that targets an enzyme only found in bacterial cells. Which of the following best explains why this antibiotic is unlikely to harm human cells?
Medium
- AHuman cells lack the target enzyme
- BHuman cells have a cell wall that blocks the antibiotic
- CHuman cells can repair the damage caused by the antibiotic
- DHuman cells produce their own antibiotics
28.Which of the following are correct statements about antibiotic resistance? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AAntibiotic resistance can develop in bacteria through mutation
- BExposure to antibiotics causes bacteria to become resistant
- CResistant bacteria can survive and reproduce in the presence of the antibiotic
- DAntibiotic resistance can spread between bacteria
29.Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.
Easy
True or false?
30.A student investigates the effect of an antibiotic on bacterial growth. They inoculate agar plates with bacteria and place paper discs soaked in different concentrations of the antibiotic on the agar. After incubation, they measure the diameter of the clear zone (zone of inhibition) around each disc. Which of the following conclusions is most valid?
Medium
- AThe larger the clear zone, the more effective the antibiotic
- BThe smaller the clear zone, the more effective the antibiotic
- CThe clear zone size is unrelated to antibiotic concentration
- DA clear zone indicates the bacteria have become resistant
31.A student sets up an experiment to test the effect of an antibiotic on bacterial growth. They soak paper discs in different concentrations of the antibiotic and place them on an agar plate inoculated with bacteria. After incubation, they measure the diameter of the clear zone around each disc. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?
Easy
- ADiameter of the clear zone
- BConcentration of the antibiotic
- CType of bacteria
- DIncubation time
32.A bacterial culture of 10⁶ cells contains 2% resistant bacteria. The culture is treated with an antibiotic that kills all non-resistant bacteria instantly. After treatment, the culture is allowed to grow for several generations. Assuming resistant bacteria reproduce at the same rate as non-resistant ones, what is the approximate number of resistant bacteria after one generation?
Hard
- A20,000
- B40,000
- C20,000,000
- D40,000,000
33.Which of the following are correct statements about the use of antibiotics? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AAntibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections.
- BAntibiotics are effective against viruses.
- CAntibiotics target structures specific to bacterial cells.
- DOveruse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance.
34.Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections but not against viral infections.
Easy
True or false?
35.In an experiment, a student places antibiotic discs on an agar plate inoculated with bacteria. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around disc A is 12 mm and around disc B is 8 mm. Which disc contains the higher concentration of antibiotic?
Medium
- ADisc A, because a larger zone indicates more effective killing.
- BDisc B, because a smaller zone means the antibiotic diffused less.
- CBoth discs have the same concentration; the difference is due to random variation.
- DIt is impossible to tell from the zone size alone.
36.Antibiotics target processes that are specific to bacterial cells so they do not harm animal cells.
Easy
True or false?
37.Antibiotics kill bacteria by damaging their cell walls.
Easy
True or false?
38.Why are antibiotics not prescribed for viral infections?
Easy
- AAntibiotics have no effect on viruses
- BViruses are too small to be affected by antibiotics
- CAntibiotics can only kill bacteria that have cell walls
- DAntibiotics are toxic to human cells
39.A patient is treated with an antibiotic for a bacterial infection. After several days, the infection clears up, but a small number of bacteria remain. Which of the following best explains why the infection might return later?
Medium
- AThe remaining bacteria have mutated into viruses.
- BThe remaining bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic and may multiply.
- CThe antibiotic has become weaker over time.
- DThe patient's immune system has stopped working.
40.Which of the following are correct statements about antibiotics? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AAntibiotics can kill viruses.
- BAntibiotics target structures specific to bacterial cells.
- CAntibiotics are effective against all types of bacteria.
- DAntibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans.
- EAntibiotics may become less effective due to resistance.
41.State one way doctors can reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Easy
42.Complete the sentence about antibiotic resistance.
Easy
MRSA stands for methicillin resistant ____ ____.
43.A patient takes a 500 mg course of antibiotic. If 2% of the bacteria in an infection are resistant, and the antibiotic kills all non-resistant bacteria, calculate the percentage of the original bacterial population that survives after treatment. Assume the resistant bacteria are not killed.
Easy
44.State the term used to describe bacteria that are not killed by an antibiotic.
Easy
45.A patient takes a 500 mg course of antibiotic. If 2% of the bacteria in an infection are resistant, and the antibiotic kills all non-resistant bacteria, calculate the percentage of bacteria that survive after treatment.
Easy
46.Complete the sentence using the words below.
Easy
A drug is a substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical ____ in the body.
47.In a bacterial culture of 1,000,000 bacteria, 2% are resistant to an antibiotic. After treatment with the antibiotic, all non-resistant bacteria are killed. How many bacteria survive?
Easy
48.A patient takes a 500 mg course of antibiotic. If 2% of the bacteria in an infection are resistant, and the antibiotic kills all non-resistant bacteria, calculate the number of resistant bacteria remaining if the initial population was 5,000,000.
Easy
49.Explain why doctors avoid prescribing antibiotics for viral infections.
Medium
50.Explain why doctors do not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections.
Medium
51.Explain why reducing the use of antibiotics can help reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Medium
52.A patient takes a 500 mg course of antibiotic. If 2% of the bacteria in an infection are resistant, and the antibiotic kills all non-resistant bacteria, calculate the percentage of the original bacterial population that survives after treatment. Assume the resistant bacteria are not killed.
Medium
- A1 %
- B2 %
- C4 %
- D3 %
53.A patient takes a 500 mg course of antibiotic. If 2% of the bacteria in an infection are resistant, and the antibiotic kills all non-resistant bacteria, calculate the percentage of bacteria that survive after treatment.
Easy
- A2 %
- B1 %
- C3 %
- D4 %
54.In a bacterial culture of 1,000,000 bacteria, 2% are resistant to an antibiotic. After treatment with the antibiotic, all non-resistant bacteria are killed. How many bacteria survive?
Medium
- A22000
- B20000
- C24000
- D18000
55.A patient takes a 500 mg course of antibiotic. If 2% of the bacteria in an infection are resistant, and the antibiotic kills all non-resistant bacteria, calculate the number of resistant bacteria remaining if the initial population was 5,000,000.
Medium
- A110000
- B90000
- C120000
- D100000

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