Composition: Descriptive and Narrative Writing

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课程笔记

Overview of Section B: Composition

In Paper 2 Section B you choose one title from four: two descriptive and two narrative.
You write about 350–450 words, roughly 2–3 sides of A4 in standard handwriting.
The composition is worth 40 marks: up to 16 for content and structure, up to 24 for style and accuracy.
You have one hour for this task: spend about 15 minutes planning and 45 minutes writing, including 5 minutes to check your work.
The writing assessment objectives tested are W1–W5: articulating experience and expressing what is thought, felt and imagined; organising and structuring ideas for deliberate effect; using a range of vocabulary and sentence structures; using language appropriate to purpose and audience; and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar.

Descriptive Writing: What the Question Asks

Descriptive writing is observational: your aim is to enable the reader to picture what you are describing.
The narrator is a silent observer who does not interact with the scene or other characters.
No characters are crafted and no background information or character interaction is developed.
Do not use dialogue in a descriptive piece.
Think of the writing as a 'snap-shot' of a moment, as if you are behind the lens of a camera.
The scene is not static: include movement and sound, but any action should cover only a short period of 'real time'.
When describing people, focus on their body language or movements rather than developing them as characters.
This is not a story: you do not need a 'happy ending' or story progression.

Structuring Descriptive Writing

Use the six-step structure: panoramic, zoom, single line, shift, shift, panoramic.
Step 1 – Panoramic: broadly describe the scene and introduce the time and atmosphere.
Step 2 – Zoom: focus on one segment of the 'image' and choose smaller, less obvious details.
Step 3 – Single line: emphasise the key feeling of your description in one line.
Step 4 – Shift: move your focus to another segment, for example from foreground to background.
Step 5 – Shift: move to a final segment, or suggest something just 'off camera'.
Step 6 – Panoramic: zoom out to view the scene from a new perspective, showing how time, atmosphere or mood has changed.
Zoom in and out of the image as if you are behind a camera, and vary your sentence and paragraph lengths to keep the style and tone dynamic.

Descriptive Writing Techniques

Craft a tone of voice in keeping with the mood of the scene: if the scene is mysterious and frightening, your sentences should reflect that suspense.
Use short sentences to reflect tension and unease, e.g. 'No sound could be heard.'
Use longer sentences and listing to create a sense of being overwhelmed or of abundance.
Choose precise, ambitious vocabulary: words like 'brilliant' or 'amazing' are not descriptive.
Use sensory language to bring the scene to life: focus not just on what can be seen, but also what can be heard, smelled or felt.
Emphasise key ideas using language techniques and imagery, such as similes for size or colour and personification for weather or objects.
It is effective to repeat ideas related to colour, perhaps picking out a key detail such as the colour of houses' roofs.
Describe only the important details rather than every inch of a person or scene.

Contrast in Descriptive Writing

Sound and silence: noise such as chatter, background noise, weather or wildlife brings a scene to life, while a momentary lull or purposeful quiet can also be effective.
Movement and stillness: some things may move, whether human, animal or object, and powerful verbs and adverbs can create dynamic movement, e.g. 'The swarming, struggling crowd.'
Other things remain still: focus on things that resist being moved, or whose stillness contrasts with movement elsewhere.
Avoid clichés such as 'still as a statue'.
Light and dark: describe sources of light and the way light hits other things in your description.
Where there is light there is also darkness: consider what shadows are cast, where the light does not reach, and who or what is left in the darkness.

Narrative Writing: What the Question Asks

In narrative writing your aim is to craft a convincing story.
The plot should be well-defined and strongly developed, with features of fiction writing such as description, characterisation, effective climax and convincing details.
Plan your ending before you start, deciding whether your story will end happily or not.
It is best not to plan a complex story: avoid a long period of time, multiple characters, or more than one setting or plot twist.
Plan one main event so your plot is simple enough to be coherent and cohesive.
Start at your story's main setting, not in the journey or build-up.
Avoid clichés or over-used narratives, such as abandoned cabins in the woods.
Do not just 'tell' a series of events: consider imaginative ways to tell your story apart from a chronological account, and include characters' thoughts and feelings.

Structuring Narrative Writing

Use a five-part narrative structure such as Freytag's Pyramid: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution.
Step 1 – Exposition: stick to one main setting and start at the location; hook your reader with clues but do not give everything away.
Decide your narrative perspective and tense: first person 'I' and the past tense are easier to control.
Stick to no more than two characters and introduce them in the exposition; use the five senses to create an atmosphere that reflects your main character's mood.
Step 2 – Rising action: build tension, drama or interest and develop your character(s), leading directly to the climax.
Step 3 – Climax: the turning point where everything changes and your character(s) cannot go back; vary sentence structure, length and language for dramatic effect.
Step 4 – Falling action: show the consequences of the climax and focus on your characters' thoughts and feelings.
Step 5 – Resolution: resolve your story or end on a suspenseful cliff-hanger, avoiding clichés such as 'I woke up and it was all a dream'; your setting or atmosphere could reflect a change from the opening, or refer back to your opening imagery to create a cyclical structure.

Setting and Characterisation in Narrative Writing

Your setting should reflect your main character's mood — this is known as pathetic fallacy, e.g. 'the lonely road'.
Your setting may change as the story progresses, and contrasting scenes is an effective way to convey ideas and engage your reader.
Build a clear setting before introducing other information such as character, using sensory language: dark, light, colours, sounds, smells and weather.
Ensure all descriptive language builds the same mood and avoid mixing ideas, e.g. 'The graveyard was dark, cold and smelled like fragrant flowers' is confusing.
Keep your reader guessing with questions such as 'What is going on?', 'Why is this like this?' and 'Who is this?' — like the game 'Taboo', describe without stating explicitly what it is.
Direct characterisation is 'telling': the writer describes the character's physical appearance, personality and motivations, useful for broad details but superficial if overused.
Indirect characterisation is 'showing': an impression is formed through speech, thoughts and feelings, interactions, and what others say or think — useful for complex, well-rounded characters.
Limit yourself to two characters, and ensure your character undergoes some form of development or change.

Characterisation Techniques and Linguistic Devices

Appearance may not always be relevant; it is usually important if your character represents something, such as a king, a soldier or someone in trouble.
Movements and body language are one of the most effective ways to describe a character, e.g. 'His head dropped'; verbs and adverbs build characterisation effectively.
Monologue in first person creates a personal tone and engagement; punctuation such as short sentences or questions can create a character's 'voice'.
Dialogue can convey relationships and insights into characters, but limit it, punctuate it correctly, and never include dialogue that does not progress characterisation or plot.
Repetition of a word, phrase, image or idea works best as a motif used throughout your piece.
Alliteration repeats the same consonant sound, not necessarily consecutively, e.g. 'The swirling mist silently settled on the sleeping town.'
Metaphor is especially effective when extended and developed, and personification is a great way to create atmosphere at the start of your writing.
Simile should be used sparingly for more impact; onomatopoeia should be sophisticated rather than comic-book terms such as 'boom', and not written in capital letters.
Imagery engages the reader's senses with vivid, detailed language; juxtaposition places contrasting ideas side by side for striking effect.
Emotive language intentionally evokes a strong emotional response; power verbs are deliberate, interesting verb choices that help the reader picture what you are writing.
Pathetic fallacy evokes a specific mood or feeling that reflects a character's internal or emotional state.

Exam Tips and Steps to Success

Read the two task options carefully and decide which one you can best picture in your mind (descriptive) or have a strong idea for (narrative).
Spend 10–15 minutes planning using a mind-map, a table, the six-step descriptive structure or a representation of Freytag's Pyramid.
For narrative, plan your characters — who they are, what they represent and how you will convey this — and decide on your narrative perspective.
Jot down reminders of figurative language or literary techniques to include, such as 'sound and silence', 'movement and stillness' and 'light and dark'.
Write your response sticking to your plan, and try to leave five minutes at the end to re-read and correct obvious mistakes.
Do not over-complicate your language unnecessarily: do not underestimate the power of simple words and sentences to create powerful effects.
Ensure all of the words you choose contribute to the overall atmosphere and effect you want to create.
Do not confuse tenses in a paragraph: if you use a flashback, write in the past tense; if you use present tense verbs for effect, do this consistently.

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练习题

免费预览——57 题中的 8 题。注册即可查看全部。

1.Which of the following is a noun?
Easy
- Arun
- Bhappy
- Ctable
- Dquickly
2.Which of the following is an adjective?
Easy
- Abeautiful
- Bbeauty
- Cbeautify
- Dbeautifully
3.Which sentence uses the semicolon correctly?
Medium
- AI have a big test tomorrow; I can't go out tonight.
- BI have a big test tomorrow; and I can't go out tonight.
- CI have a big test tomorrow; because I can't go out tonight.
- DI have a big test tomorrow; so I can't go out tonight.
4.Which sentence uses the apostrophe correctly?
Medium
- AThe dog's bone is buried in the garden.
- BThe dogs bone is buried in the garden.
- CThe dogs' bone is buried in the garden.
- DThe dog's' bone is buried in the garden.
5.Which sentence uses the comma correctly?
Medium
- AAfter we ate, we went for a walk.
- BAfter we ate we went, for a walk.
- CAfter, we ate we went for a walk.
- DAfter we ate, we went, for a walk.
6.Which of the following are punctuation marks? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- Acolon
- Bsemicolon
- Ccomma
- Dadjective
- Eapostrophe
7.Which of the following are word classes? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- Anoun
- Bverb
- Cadjective
- Dcomma
- Eadverb
8.A verb is a word that describes an action, state or occurrence.
Easy
True or false?

复习笔记

## Composition: Descriptive and Narrative Writing In Paper 2 Section B, you choose **one** of four titles: two descriptive, two narrative. Write **350–450 words** (about 2–3 sides of A4) in **one hour**. Worth **40 marks**: up to **16 for content and structure**, up to **24 for style and accuracy**. ### Descriptive Writing - **Aim:** enable the reader to picture what you are describing. - **Plan 10–15 minutes**; write 45 minutes, leaving 5 minutes to check. - **Six-step structure:** 1. **Panoramic** – broadly describe the scene; introduce time and atmosphere. 2. **Zoom** – focus on one segment; choose smaller, less obvious details. 3. **Single line** – emphasise the key feeling in one line. 4. **Shift** – focus on another segment (e.g. foreground to background). 5. **Shift** – move to a final segment, or suggest something just "off camera". 6. **Panoramic** – zoom out; how has the scene changed? - **Do:** use sensory language (sight, sound, smell, feel); include movement and sound; vary sentence and paragraph lengths; use contrast (sound/silence, movement/stillness, light/dark); repeat ideas related to colour; be specific and ambitious with adjectives; use personification for weather/objects. - **Don't:** rely on narrative to structure your response; use dialogue; provide background or develop character interaction; confuse tenses; use clichés like "still as a statue"; use vague words like "brilliant" or "amazing". - The "narrator" is a **silent observer** – no story progression or interaction. ### Narrative Writing - **Aim:** craft a convincing story. - **Plan 10–15 minutes**; write 45 minutes, leaving 5 minutes to check. - **Five-part structure (Freytag's Pyramid):** 1. **Exposition** – one main setting; hook the reader; choose perspective/tense (first person and past tense are easier); no more than two characters; use the five senses; end with an 'inciting incident'. 2. **Rising action** – build tension; develop character(s). 3. **Climax** – turning point; vary sentence structure, length and language for dramatic effect. 4. **Falling action** – consequences; focus on thoughts and feelings. 5. **Resolution/denouement** – resolve or end on a suspenseful cliff-hanger; avoid clichés like 'I woke up and it was all a dream'. - **Do:** plan a clear journey with one main event; use a simple, coherent plot; develop characters (aim for **indirect characterisation** – "showing"); use setting to reflect mood (pathetic fallacy); vary sentence and paragraph lengths; use imagery and literary devices; write with technical accuracy. - **Don't:** over-complicate the story (multiple characters, settings or plot twists); over-use dialogue (only if it drives plot and is punctuated correctly); start with a lengthy journey; use clichés like abandoned cabins. ### Key Techniques (both) Repetition, alliteration, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, simile, imagery, juxtaposition, emotive language, power verbs, pathetic fallacy. ### Mark Scheme Focus - **Tone** (narrator's "voice") appropriate and convincing. - **Register** (vocabulary and phrasing) suitable for purpose. - **Style** (sentence structure and overall structure) dynamic and engaging. - **Content and structure (16):** well-defined, developed ideas and images creating a convincing picture; precise, well-chosen vocabulary; varied sentence structures; language and tone suitable for context. - **Style and accuracy (24):** spelling, punctuation and grammar almost always accurate.

Descriptive writing: Observational writing where the narrator does not interact with surroundings or other characters; like describing a 'snap-shot' of a moment from behind a camera lens.
Narrative writing: Story writing that develops an idea to a conclusion, with a well-defined plot, characterisation, effective climax and convincing details.
Six-step descriptive structure: Panoramic, zoom, single line, shift, shift, panoramic.
Freytag's Pyramid: Five-part narrative structure: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution/denouement.
Tone: The sound of the narrator's 'voice'; should be appropriate and convincing.
Register: Your vocabulary and phrasing; should be suitable for the purpose.
Style: The sentence structure and the overall structure of your writing; should be dynamic and engaging.
Direct characterisation: The writer describes the character through narration (physical appearance, personality, motivations). This is 'telling' and can result in superficial characters if overused.
Indirect characterisation: The writer hints to the reader what the character is like through speech, thoughts, feelings, interactions and what others say or think. This is 'showing' and develops complex, well-rounded characters.
Pathetic fallacy: The ability to evoke a specific mood or feeling that reflects a character's internal or emotional state, e.g. 'the lonely road'.
Juxtaposition: Places two contrasting ideas, images or concepts side by side to highlight their differences or to create a striking effect.
Power verbs: The deliberate, interesting choice of verb to help the reader picture what you are writing; especially useful for characterisation.
Onomatopoeia: The representation of sound on paper; should be more sophisticated than comic-book terms and not written in capital letters.
Simile: A simple comparison using 'like' or 'as'; should be used sparingly to create more impact.
Imagery: Engages the reader's senses by using vivid and detailed language to create an image in the reader's mind.

闪卡

In Paper 2 Section B Composition, how many marks is the composition worth and how are they divided?

40 marks: up to 16 marks for content and structure, and up to 24 marks for style and accuracy.

What is the required word count and suggested timing for the Section B composition?

About 350–450 words (roughly 2–3 sides of A4), written in one hour. Spend 15 minutes planning and 45 minutes writing, including 5 minutes to check.

What choice of composition titles does Section B offer?

Four titles: two descriptive and two narrative. You answer one question.

What is the overall aim of descriptive writing?

To enable the reader to picture what you are describing, creating a convincing overall picture.

What is the overall aim of narrative writing?

To craft a convincing story.

What is the six-step structure recommended for planning descriptive writing?

Panoramic (broad scene, time, atmosphere) → Zoom (focus on one segment, smaller details) → Single line (emphasise key feeling) → Shift (focus on another segment) → Shift (final segment or something 'off camera') → Panoramic (zoom out to a new perspective).

In descriptive writing, what should the 'narrator' be?

A silent observer who does not interact with the surroundings or other characters.

Why should you avoid dialogue in descriptive writing?

Descriptive writing does not develop character interaction or provide background information; it is observational.

How should you describe people in descriptive writing?

Focus on their body language or movements rather than dialogue or character development.

What three contrasts are useful for bringing a descriptive scene to life?

Sound and silence; movement and stillness; light and dark.

How can sentence length create tone in descriptive writing?

Short sentences reflect tension and unease; longer sentences and listing can create a sense of being overwhelmed or of abundance.

What is the five-part narrative structure (Freytag's Pyramid) recommended for planning a story?

Exposition (setting the scene) → Rising action → Climax → Falling action → Resolution or denouement.

In narrative writing, what should the exposition paragraph establish?

One main setting (start at the location, not a journey), hook the reader, decide narrative perspective and tense, introduce no more than two characters, and use the five senses to create atmosphere.

What is the climax of a narrative?

The turning point where everything changes and the character(s) cannot go back; the protagonist faces an external problem or internal choice/dilemma.

What is the difference between direct and indirect characterisation?

Direct characterisation tells the reader about the character through narration; indirect characterisation shows the character through speech, thoughts, feelings, interactions and what others say or think.

Why is indirect characterisation preferred in narrative writing?

It develops more complex, well-rounded characters that engage the reader, whereas too much direct characterisation results in superficial characters.

What is pathetic fallacy and how is it used in narrative writing?

Reflecting a character's mood in the environment, e.g. 'the lonely road'. The setting should reflect the main character's mood and may change as the story progresses.

What is juxtaposition?

Placing two contrasting ideas, images or concepts side by side to highlight their differences or create a striking effect.

What is personification and when is it especially useful?

Giving human qualities to objects or nature; it is especially useful for creating atmosphere at the start of writing and when describing weather or objects.

What is a motif and how is it used in composition?

A repeated word, phrase, image or idea used throughout a piece of writing for emphasis and cohesion.

What should you avoid in narrative writing regarding clichés and endings?

Avoid clichés such as abandoned cabins in the woods and endings like 'I woke up and it was all a dream.' Plan a resolution or a suspenseful cliff-hanger, not a sudden ending.

How many paragraphs should a narrative response have, and what should each paragraph do?

Five or six paragraphs, each developing a separate idea or point, with varied paragraph lengths for effect and no repetition of the same descriptions.

What is the recommended planning time for Section B composition, and what should you plan?

10–15 minutes. Plan your route through the composition, including how it will end, using a mind-map or the six-step descriptive structure or Freytag's Pyramid for narrative.

What does the mark scheme mean by adapting tone, style and register?

Tone is the sound of the narrator's voice and should be appropriate and convincing; register is vocabulary and phrasing suitable for the purpose; style is sentence structure and overall structure, which should be dynamic and engaging.

Why should you avoid being overly reliant on narrative in descriptive writing?

It results in answers with limited descriptive content; description should be closely observed and focused, using striking and original images rather than stereotypical ideas.

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