Reading Question 1: Comprehension
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课程笔记
Overview of Question 1
- Question 1 is a series of compulsory short-answer questions based on Text A in your reading insert.
- It is worth 20 marks and you should spend approximately 20 minutes on it, including reading time.
- The questions test explicit and implicit meanings (R1 and R2), analysis/evaluation (R3), writer's effects (R4), and selecting and using information (R5).
- Question 1 is divided into sub-questions (a) to (f), each with specific paragraph references.
- You should complete the questions in the order they are set, working through the text from the beginning.
Breaking Down the Sub-Questions
- 1(a): Identify a specific fact or name — 1 mark.
- 1(b): Explain, in your own words, the meaning of two specific phrases — 4 marks (2+2). You get marks for explaining the whole phrase, not just one word.
- 1(c): Identify two facts/ideas from a specific paragraph — 2 marks.
- 1(d): Identify reasons or details from a specific section — 2 marks.
- 1(e): Explain a concept or shift in thinking — 6 marks (3+3). This usually asks for a list of reasons; check the mark allocation (usually 3 marks = 3 points).
- 1(f): Writer's effects/analysis — 5 marks (2+3). You might be asked to explain why a specific word was chosen, or what a phrase suggests.
Steps to Success
- Read each question and highlight: the command words (what you have to do), the focus of the question (what you are looking for in the text), and the marks given.
- Scan Text A and highlight the evidence that answers the question, or the words/phrases you need to explain. Remember there may be more than one answer.
- Write your answers according to the question instructions: if it asks for two examples, give two separate examples; if it asks for your own words, do not repeat words from the text.
- Check how many marks are awarded for each question and tailor your answers accordingly.
- When explaining the meaning of a phrase, consider the context of the text — do not just guess the meaning without context.
- Remember, not all answers will be explicit; you will have to make some inferences or read between the lines.
Exam Tips
- Read the command words and paragraph references in the instructions carefully.
- Do not write overly long explanations or answers in your own words where they are not required; equally, do not just repeat the language of the text where your own words are required.
- Avoid adding unnecessary material or extra guesses in your answers.
- Follow the order of the sub-questions and work through the text from the beginning.
- Where a question asks you to explain a phrase in your own words, explain the meaning of the whole phrase, not just individual words.
- Where a question directs you to a particular paragraph(s), only use the sections of text specified — you will not be awarded marks for anything taken outside these sections.
- Watch the 'writer's effects' questions: Question 1 now asks you to analyse language. Analyse, don't describe; focus on associations and imagery.
- Check the mark allocation: if a question is worth 3 marks, you must provide 3 distinct points.
- Manage your time: do not spend more than 20−25 minutes on this section or you will run out of time for the Extended Response (Question 4).
Explicit vs Implicit Meanings
- Explicit information is clear and directly expressed.
- Implicit refers to something that is understood, but not described or stated clearly or directly; it uses implication, assumption and inference to generate meaning.
- Something that is implicit is inferred; you need to make a logical inference based on the evidence you are presented with.
- For example, in the sentence 'The long corridor was cold and windswept, making my candle flicker and the shadows quake and shudder', the explicit information is that the corridor is long, cold and windswept; the implicit meaning is that the corridor is creepy and frightening, shown by imagery such as 'candle flicker' and 'shadows quake and shudder'.
Analysing Explicit and Implicit Meanings
- Develop your ideas and analysis based on the information given in the text rather than jumping to illogical conclusions.
- For example, in 'The man stumbled into the house on his return from a night out, tripping and cursing his way up the stairs', a logical inference is that the man is drunk, because of the words 'stumbled', 'tripping' and 'cursing'. Jumping too far would be to suggest he is an alcoholic — there is no evidence for this.
- Zoom in on particular words that support the inference you are making and explain why the writer may have chosen those words.
- You must have evidence for all of your implied meanings.
Critical Reading Tools
- Think of critical reading as an autopsy: you have a text laid out and you need to dissect it. Learn what tools there are, how to use them, and when to select the right one.
- Question: As you read, ask yourself Who? What? Where? When? Why? This helps you understand the text.
- Clarify: Identify gaps in your understanding. Break a word down to its root (strip prefix/suffix) and look at the word in the context of the rest of the sentence — think about what word could replace the difficult word for the sentence to still make sense.
- Evidence: Scan the text for the evidence you need — this may be explicit or more implied.
- Infer: Make informed judgements about the text based on what you have read — look for clues, hints or patterns.
Summary of Key Reminders
- Read each sub-question carefully and highlight what you have to do and what you have to look for in the text.
- Pay attention to the number of marks awarded for each sub-question and write your answers accordingly.
- Make sure you are reading the correct section of text according to the sub-question instructions.
- If the question asks you to use your own words, most of your answer needs to be in your own words; you must not just copy and paste from the text.
- These are short-answer questions, so do not waste time writing paragraphs; short sentences will do.
- Writing more will not get you more marks — the examiner can only award the amount of marks allocated to each sub-question.
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练习题
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1.In the sentence 'The long corridor was cold and windswept, making my candle flicker and the shadows quake and shudder', which piece of information is explicit?
Easy- AThe corridor is creepy and frightening
- BThe corridor is long, cold and windswept
- CThe narrator is afraid of the dark
- DThe shadows are alive
2.In the sentence 'The long corridor was cold and windswept, making my candle flicker and the shadows quake and shudder', what is the implicit meaning?
Medium- AThe corridor is creepy and frightening
- BThe corridor is long
- CThe corridor is cold
- DThe corridor is windswept
3.In the sentence 'The man stumbled into the house on his return from a night out, tripping and cursing his way up the stairs', which inference is best supported by the evidence?
Medium- AThe man is an alcoholic
- BThe man is drunk
- CThe man has been burgled
- DThe man is angry with his neighbours
4.A question says: 'Use your own words to explain what the text means by "staff quit".' Which answer best follows the instruction?
Easy- AStaff quit
- BEmployees left their jobs
- CStaff stopped working there
- DPeople resign
5.Which of the following are true about the skills tested in Question 1 of the reading paper? (select all that apply)
Medium- AUnderstanding explicit meanings
- BUnderstanding implicit meanings and attitudes
- CAnalysing and evaluating
- DSelecting and using information
- EWriting a creative story
6.Information that is implicit is stated clearly and directly in the text.
EasyTrue or false?
7.Match each term to its correct definition.
Medium- Explicit meaning
- Implicit meaning
- Inference
- Evidence
- Clear and directly expressed information
- Meaning understood but not stated directly
- A logical conclusion drawn from the information given
- The words or details in the text that support a point
8.In the sentence 'Lyuba has mesmerised the scientific world with her arrival — creating headlines across the globe', what does the writer imply?
Medium- AScientists are confused by Lyuba
- BLyuba's discovery is big news and has astounded scientists worldwide
- CLyuba was found in a laboratory
- DOnly one scientist has studied Lyuba
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