Speeches and presentations

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课程笔记

What is Public Speaking?

Public speaking, or oratory, is the delivery of a speech to a live audience.
It allows you to connect with a group of people to discuss any topic.
The goal of a public speaker may be to educate, teach, or influence an audience.
Public speaking has held significant cultural, religious, and political importance throughout history.
Speakers often use visuals such as slideshows, images, and short videos to enhance audience understanding.

Historical Foundations

The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius advocated for speeches that could profoundly affect individuals, including those not present in the audience.
In the Western tradition, public speaking was extensively studied in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
It was a fundamental component of rhetoric and was analysed by prominent thinkers.
Aristotle identified three types of speeches: deliberative (political), forensic (judicial), and epideictic (ceremonial or demonstrative).
The Roman philosopher and orator Cicero categorised public speaking into three purposes: judicial (courtroom), deliberative (political), and demonstrative (ceremonial), closely aligning with Aristotle's classifications.

Purposes of Speeches

The main objective of public speaking is to inform or change the audience's thoughts and actions.
The function of a speech is determined by the speaker's intent.
The same speaker, with the same intent, can deliver substantially different speeches to different audiences.
Public speaking aims to either reassure an anxious audience or alert a complacent audience to something important.
Speakers use a combination of storytelling and informational approaches to achieve their goals.

Understanding Your Audience

Public speaking is frequently directed at a select and sometimes restricted audience.
An audience can include enthusiastic supporters, reluctant attendees with opposing views, or strangers with varying levels of interest.
Proficient speakers recognise that even a modest-sized audience is not a uniform entity but a diverse assembly of individuals.
The purposes of a speech can vary depending on the targeted audience.
Ceremonial speeches may incorporate humour or stories from moments in the life of the person being celebrated.

Persuasion and Rhetorical Devices

Persuasion is derived from the Latin word persuadere.
Persuasive speaking aims to change the audience's beliefs and is commonly used in political debates.
Persuasive speaking involves four essential elements: (i) the speaker or persuader; (ii) the audience; (iii) the speaking method; and (iv) the message the speaker is trying to convey.
When attempting to persuade, a speaker appeals to the audience's emotions and beliefs.
Techniques to gain audience support include: demanding action, using inclusive language like 'we' and 'us', and choosing words with strong connotations.
Rhetorical questions, anecdotes, generalizations, exaggerations, metaphors, and irony may be employed to increase the likelihood of persuading an audience.

Using Evidence and Data

Speakers today can utilise statistics, data, and other sources of information, such as the internet, to strengthen their argument, stance, or proposal.
This has evolved during the modern era, having been generally unavailable at the current rate in the years beforehand.
Historically, media such as newspapers and television were the main sources of information.
Claims given by speakers have often been subject to inaccurate information provided by these media, often in direct correlation with the big lie means of oratory.
This has been further intensified through the recent evolution of mass media in most nations.

Educational Speeches

Public speaking can often take an educational form, where the speaker transfers knowledge to an audience.
TED Talks are an example of educational public speaking.
Speakers inform their audience about different topics, such as science, technology, religion, economics, human society, and psychology.
TED speakers can use the platform to share personal experiences with traumatic events, such as abuse, bullying, grief, assault, suicidal ideation, near-death encounters, and mental illness.
They may attempt to raise awareness and acceptance of stigmatising issues, such as disabilities, racial differences, LGBTQ rights, children's rights, and women's rights.

Delivering Your Speech: Voice and Body Language

Volume: speak loudly enough to be heard clearly by everyone in the audience.
Pace: vary your speed; slow down for important points and speed up for less critical information.
Pause: use pauses to emphasise key ideas and give the audience time to think.
Intonation: vary your pitch to keep the audience engaged and convey emotion.
Body language: use eye contact, gestures, and posture to reinforce your message and connect with your audience.

Handling Questions from the Audience

Listen carefully to the whole question before responding.
Repeat or paraphrase the question to ensure everyone has heard it and that you understand it.
Answer concisely and directly, staying on topic.
If you don't know the answer, admit it and offer to find out or suggest where the information might be found.
Stay calm and polite, even if the question is challenging or hostile.
Use the question as an opportunity to reinforce your key messages.

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练习题

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1.Which term describes the delivery of a speech to a live audience?
Easy
- Aoratory
- Boracle
- Cauditory
- Doration
2.In the sentence 'The speaker's voice carried confidently across the hall,' what part of speech is the word 'confidently'?
Medium
- Aadverb
- Badjective
- Cnoun
- Dverb
3.Which punctuation mark is used to indicate a pause or a break in a sentence?
Easy
- Acomma
- Bfull stop
- Cquestion mark
- Dexclamation mark
4.Which of the following are rhetorical devices commonly used in speeches? (Select all that apply.)
Medium
- Arhetorical question
- Banecdote
- Cmetaphor
- Dstatistics
- Eirony
5.The word 'persuasion' comes from the Latin verb 'persuadere'.
Easy
True or false?
6.Match each speaker with their contribution to public speaking.
Medium
- Aristotle
- Cicero
- Confucius
- Identified three types of speeches
- Categorised public speaking into three purposes
- Advocated for speeches that could affect individuals
7.Place the following elements of persuasive speaking in the order given in the source material.
Medium
- the speaker or persuader
- the audience
- the speaking method
- the message
8.Which of the following is an example of a rhetorical device that asks a question for effect rather than to get an answer?
Medium
- Arhetorical question
- Banecdote
- Cmetaphor
- Dirony

复习笔记

## Speeches and Presentations — Revision Notes **What it is:** Public speaking (oratory) is delivering a speech to a live audience. It has cultural, religious and political importance and lets you connect with a group to discuss any topic. **Your goal as a speaker:** to educate, teach or influence an audience. You may use visuals — slideshows, images, short videos — to aid understanding. ### Types of speech (Aristotle) - **Deliberative** — political - **Forensic** — judicial - **Epideictic** — ceremonial or demonstrative Cicero used matching purposes: **judicial** (courtroom), **deliberative** (political), **demonstrative** (ceremonial). ### Know your audience - Audiences are **not uniform**: they may be enthusiastic supporters, reluctant attendees with opposing views, or strangers with varying interest. - Aim to **reassure an anxious audience** or **alert a complacent audience**. - Combine **storytelling** and **informational** approaches. - The same speaker with the same intent may deliver very different speeches to different audiences. ### Persuasion From Latin *persuadere*. Persuasive speaking aims to **change the audience's beliefs**; it appeals to emotions and beliefs. **Four essential elements:** (i) the speaker or persuader; (ii) the audience; (iii) the speaking method; (iv) the message the speaker is trying to convey. **Techniques to gain support:** - Demand action from the audience - Inclusive language — 'we' and 'us' — to create unity - Words with strong connotations to intensify impact - Rhetorical questions, anecdotes, generalizations, exaggerations, metaphors, irony - Statistics, data and other sources (e.g. the internet) to strengthen your argument ### Ceremonial and political speeches - Ceremonial speeches may use humour or stories from the life of the person celebrated. - Political speeches use persuasion to encourage a course of action. - Forensic speeches are debates: participants take sides, defend beliefs, and are judged on how well they support their arguments. ### Educational speaking Speakers transfer knowledge to an audience (TED Talks are an example), covering topics such as science, technology, religion, economics, human society and psychology, and raising awareness of issues. ### Delivery checklist - Structure for a **listener** - **Standard English** and appropriate **register** - **Voice:** volume, pace, pause, intonation - **Body language** - **Handle questions** from the audience ### Exam quick-fire - Purpose? Inform or change thoughts and actions. - Audience anxious → reassure; complacent → alert. - Persuading? Use 'we'/'us', strong connotations, rhetorical questions, evidence. - Deliver with controlled voice and body language; be ready for questions.

Public speaking (oratory): The delivery of a speech to a live audience.
Deliberative speech: Aristotle's term for a political speech (Cicero: deliberative/political).
Forensic speech: Aristotle's term for a judicial speech; a debate in which participants take sides, defend beliefs, and are judged on how well they support their arguments (Cicero: judicial/courtroom).
Epideictic speech: Aristotle's term for a ceremonial or demonstrative speech (Cicero: demonstrative/ceremonial).
Persuasion: From the Latin 'persuadere'; persuasive speaking aims to change the audience's beliefs and is commonly used in political debates.
Four essential elements of persuasive speaking: (i) the speaker or persuader; (ii) the audience; (iii) the speaking method; and (iv) the message the speaker is trying to convey.
Inclusive language: Using words like 'we' and 'us' to create unity between the speaker and the audience.
Connotation: The associations a word carries; choosing words with strong connotations intensifies a message's impact.
Rhetorical question: A question used for effect rather than to obtain an answer; one of the techniques that may be employed to increase the likelihood of persuading an audience.
Register: The level of formality of language appropriate to the audience and occasion; use Standard English and an appropriate register.
Intonation: The rise and fall of the voice in speech; one of the vocal elements (with volume, pace and pause) used in delivery.

闪卡

What is public speaking (oratory)?

The delivery of a speech to a live audience. It allows a speaker to connect with a group and discuss a topic.

What three broad goals might a public speaker have?

To educate or teach, to inform, or to influence the audience. The goal is set by the speaker's intent.

What are Aristotle's three types of speeches?

Deliberative (political), forensic (judicial), and epideictic (ceremonial or demonstrative).

How did Cicero categorise public speaking?

Into judicial (courtroom), deliberative (political), and demonstrative (ceremonial). This closely aligns with Aristotle's classifications.

Which two ancient civilisations extensively studied public speaking in the Western tradition?

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, where it was a fundamental component of rhetoric.

Which ancient Chinese philosopher was a key figure in the study of public speaking?

Confucius, who advocated for speeches that could profoundly affect individuals, including those not present in the audience.

What is the main objective of public speaking?

To inform or change the audience's thoughts and actions. The function is determined by the speaker's intent.

Why should a speaker treat an audience as diverse rather than uniform?

Even a modest-sized audience is a diverse assembly of individuals — enthusiastic supporters, reluctant attendees with opposing views, or strangers with varying interest.

What two broad aims can a speech have towards an audience's state of mind?

To reassure an anxious audience or to alert a complacent audience to something important. The speaker then chooses storytelling and informational approaches to suit.

What is persuasion and where does the word come from?

Persuasion is speaking that aims to change the audience's beliefs; the term derives from the Latin word 'persuadere'. It is common in political debates.

What are the four essential elements of persuasive speaking?

(i) the speaker or persuader; (ii) the audience; (iii) the speaking method; and (iv) the message the speaker is trying to convey.

How does a persuasive speaker appeal to an audience?

By appealing to their emotions and beliefs in order to change their opinions.

Name three techniques a speaker can use to gain audience support.

Demanding action from the audience, using inclusive language like 'we' and 'us' to create unity, and choosing words with strong connotations to intensify the message.

Which rhetorical devices may be used to increase the likelihood of persuading an audience?

Rhetorical questions, anecdotes, generalizations, exaggerations, metaphors, and irony.

How can statistics and data strengthen a speech today?

Modern speakers can use statistics, data and sources such as the internet to strengthen their argument, stance or proposal — resources largely unavailable at the current rate in earlier years.

What is educational public speaking, and what is a well-known example?

Speaking where the speaker transfers knowledge to an audience; TED Talks are an example, covering topics such as science, technology, economics and psychology.

How might a ceremonial speech differ from a political one?

Ceremonial speeches may incorporate humour or stories from moments in the life of the person being celebrated, while political speeches often use persuasion to encourage a course of action.

What happens in a forensic speech?

It involves debate in which participants take sides, defend certain beliefs, and are judged on how well they support their arguments.

What kinds of visuals can speakers use to enhance audience understanding?

Slideshows, images, and short videos. These support the audience's comprehension of the topic.

How has public speaking evolved with digital technologies?

It now incorporates video conferencing, multimedia presentations, and other innovative forms of communication.

In which sectors is public speaking still a highly valued skill?

Government, industry, and advocacy, among others.

Why must a speaker plan their structure around the listener?

Because the audience may hold different perspectives and varying levels of interest, so the speech must be organised to guide and hold their attention.

What does 'register' mean when delivering a speech?

The level of formality and style of language chosen to suit the occasion and audience. Standard English and an appropriate register help a speaker be understood and respected.

Which vocal elements should a speaker control when delivering a speech?

Volume, pace, pause, and intonation. Varying these keeps the audience engaged and emphasises key points.

Why is body language important in a presentation?

It supports and reinforces the spoken message, helping the speaker appear confident and connect with the audience.

How should a speaker handle questions from an audience?

By listening carefully and responding clearly and calmly, treating the audience as a diverse group with different perspectives.

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