Fieldwork and geographical enquiry
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给教育者： 面向 Fieldwork and geographical enquiry（KS3 Geography，Geographical Skills）的即用型课程幻灯片, 复习笔记——用在你的课堂上，或将该知识点作为学习者可实时游玩的互动课堂活动来运行。
课程笔记
The Enquiry Process
- Geographical enquiry is a step-by-step process: ask a question, form a hypothesis, collect data, present it, analyse it, draw conclusions, and evaluate the whole investigation.
- A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts what you expect to find, such as 'Traffic volume is higher on the main road than on the side street'.
- Primary data is information you collect yourself in the field; secondary data is information that already exists, such as census records or old maps.
- Quantitative data is numerical (e.g. traffic counts, river depth); qualitative data is descriptive (e.g. interview answers, field sketches).
- Evaluation means judging how reliable your methods were and suggesting improvements for next time.
Primary and Secondary Data
- Primary data gives you control over how and where it is collected, but it can be time-consuming and affected by weather or access.
- Secondary data is often quicker to obtain and can provide historical context, but it may be out of date or collected for a different purpose.
- Using both types together can strengthen your enquiry by allowing you to compare your findings with existing information.
- Examples of primary methods include questionnaires, traffic counts, environmental quality surveys, and river measurements.
- Examples of secondary sources include census data, weather records, old photographs, and government statistics.
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
- Quantitative methods produce numbers that can be analysed statistically, such as counting cars or measuring pebble size.
- Qualitative methods produce words, images, or observations that capture opinions and feelings, such as interviews or field sketches.
- A questionnaire can collect both types of data: closed questions give quantitative answers, open questions give qualitative answers.
- An environmental quality survey often uses a numerical scale (e.g. 1–5) to rate features like litter, noise, or greenery.
- River measurements include velocity (using a flow meter or float), depth (using a ruler), and width (using a tape measure).
Sampling Techniques
- Sampling means selecting a smaller group to represent the whole, because it is usually impossible to measure everything.
- Random sampling gives every point or person an equal chance of being chosen, which helps avoid bias.
- Systematic sampling follows a regular pattern, such as measuring river depth every 2 metres across the channel.
- Stratified sampling divides the population into groups (strata) and samples each group proportionally, e.g. by age or gender.
- The choice of sampling method depends on your enquiry question and the practicalities of the site.
Risk Assessment
- A risk assessment identifies hazards, who might be harmed, and what precautions to take before fieldwork begins.
- Common hazards include traffic, deep water, steep slopes, weather extremes, and getting lost or separated from the group.
- Control measures include wearing high-visibility jackets, working in pairs, checking weather forecasts, and carrying a first-aid kit.
- You should always follow the instructions of your teacher and any site-specific safety rules.
- Risk assessments are a legal requirement for school trips and help ensure everyone stays safe.
Collecting Data in the Field
- Fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside the classroom, in the real world.
- Field notes are written records of what you observe; they should be detailed and made as soon as possible after observation.
- Keeping a field diary or ethnographic record helps you remember important details and supports your analysis later.
- Direct observation means watching and recording what happens without interfering.
- Participant observation involves taking part in the activity while observing, often used in social research.
- Interviews can be informal, structured, or semi-structured, depending on your research question.
Presenting and Analysing Data
- Data can be presented using graphs (bar, line, scatter), maps (choropleth, isoline), field sketches, and annotated photographs.
- Choose the presentation method that best shows patterns in your data; for example, a scatter graph can show the relationship between two sets of numbers.
- Analysis involves describing patterns, trends, and anomalies you see in your data.
- For qualitative data, thematic analysis groups responses into common themes, while narrative analysis focuses on the stories people tell.
- Always refer back to your hypothesis when analysing: does the data support it or contradict it?
Drawing Conclusions and Evaluating
- A conclusion should state whether your hypothesis was supported and explain why, using evidence from your data.
- You should also consider whether your results match secondary data or accepted geographical theory.
- Evaluation considers the reliability and accuracy of your methods, and any limitations such as sample size or weather conditions.
- Suggest specific improvements, such as increasing the sample size, repeating measurements, or using more precise equipment.
- Evaluating helps you understand that geographical enquiry is an ongoing process that can always be refined.
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练习题
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1.What name is given to data that a geographer collects first-hand in the field, for example by counting traffic or measuring a river?
Easy- APrimary data
- BSecondary data
- CQualitative data
- DArchived data
2.What name is given to data that already exists and was collected by someone else, such as census figures or a map?
Easy- ASecondary data
- BPrimary data
- CRaw data
- DField notes
3.A student writes: 'Traffic flow will be greater on the main road than on the side street.' In an enquiry, what is this statement called?
Easy- AA hypothesis
- BA conclusion
- CAn evaluation
- DA risk assessment
4.In the geographical enquiry process, which stage comes immediately after collecting data?
Easy- APresenting and analysing the data
- BAsking an enquiry question
- CEvaluating the method
- DWriting a conclusion
5.Which of these is a qualitative fieldwork method?
Medium- AAn environmental quality survey scored with a ranking scale
- BA pedestrian count at a road junction
- CMeasuring river width with a tape measure
- DRecording river depth with a metre rule
6.A group wants a sample that includes a fair proportion of students from each year group. Which sampling method should they use?
Medium- AStratified sampling
- BSystematic sampling
- CRandom sampling
- DOpportunity sampling
7.Before starting fieldwork, a group lists the hazards they might meet and the steps they will take to reduce them. What is this document called?
Medium- AA risk assessment
- BA hypothesis
- CA sampling frame
- DAn evaluation
8.A student takes measurements every 10 metres along a river from source to mouth. Which sampling method is this?
Medium- ASystematic sampling
- BRandom sampling
- CStratified sampling
- DOpportunity sampling
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