Economic activity and globalisation
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课程笔记
The four sectors of the economy
- Primary sector: taking raw materials from the land or sea — farming, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying.
- Secondary sector: manufacturing — turning raw materials into products, such as steel, cars and clothing.
- Tertiary sector: providing services — retail, teaching, healthcare, transport, tourism, banking.
- Quaternary sector: knowledge and information — research and development, IT, scientific research.
Employment structure changes with development
- Employment structure is the percentage of workers in each sector.
- In lower-income countries most people work in the primary sector, usually farming.
- As a country industrialises, secondary jobs grow (as in the UK in the 19th century and China more recently).
- In higher-income countries most people work in the tertiary sector — in the UK around four out of five workers — and the quaternary sector grows.
- This pattern is shown by the Clark–Fisher model.
The changing UK economy
- In the 20th century many UK coal mines, steelworks and shipyards closed — deindustrialisation.
- Causes included cheaper imports from abroad, the running-out of easily mined coal, and mechanisation replacing workers.
- Service industries grew, especially finance in London, retail, tourism and health.
- Science parks near universities, such as Cambridge Science Park, attract quaternary research companies.
- Remote working and the internet mean more jobs can be done from anywhere.
What is globalisation?
- Globalisation is the growing links and interdependence between countries through trade, investment, communications, travel and culture.
- Goods we buy are often made from parts sourced in many countries.
- Culture spreads too — the same brands, films, music and food are found worldwide.
Causes of globalisation
- Transport: container ships and cheap air freight move goods quickly and cheaply; one large container ship can carry thousands of containers.
- Communications: the internet, mobile phones and satellites let companies manage operations around the world instantly.
- Trade agreements and trade blocs reduce tariffs (taxes on imports).
- Transnational corporations spreading their operations across many countries.
Transnational corporations (TNCs)
- A TNC is a company that operates in more than one country, such as Apple, Nike, Unilever or Toyota.
- Headquarters and research are usually in a higher-income country; factories are often in countries with lower wages.
- Advantages for host countries: jobs, higher wages than local alternatives, new skills, investment in infrastructure, tax income.
- Disadvantages: low pay and poor working conditions in some factories, profits sent back to the home country, pollution, and jobs that can move elsewhere if costs rise.
Global supply chains
- A supply chain is every step in making and delivering a product, from raw materials to the customer.
- A smartphone may use cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, components made in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and final assembly in China before being sold worldwide.
- Long supply chains can be disrupted — for example by conflict, pandemics or a ship blocking a major canal.
- Fast fashion relies on cheap labour in countries such as Bangladesh; the 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse killed more than 1100 workers and raised concerns about working conditions.
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练习题
免费预览——47 题中的 8 题。注册即可查看全部。
1.Which sector of the economy involves taking raw materials from the land or sea?
Easy- APrimary
- BSecondary
- CTertiary
- DQuaternary
2.A car factory is part of which sector?
Easy- APrimary
- BTertiary
- CQuaternary
- DSecondary
3.A teacher works in which sector?
Easy- ASecondary
- BQuaternary
- CTertiary
- DPrimary
4.A scientist developing new medicines in a research laboratory works in which sector?
Easy- ATertiary
- BQuaternary
- CPrimary
- DSecondary
5.What is employment structure?
Easy- AThe percentage of workers in each sector of the economy
- BThe number of hours people work each week
- CThe layout of a factory
- DThe ranking of managers in a company
6.In most lower-income countries, which sector employs the largest share of workers?
Easy- ASecondary
- BTertiary
- CQuaternary
- DPrimary
7.Roughly what proportion of UK workers are employed in the tertiary sector?
Easy- AAbout half
- BAlmost none
- CAbout four out of five
- DAbout one in ten
8.Which model shows how employment structure changes as a country develops?
Medium- AThe Butler model
- BThe Clark–Fisher model
- CThe Burgess model
- DThe demographic transition model
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