Migration

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课程笔记

What is Migration?

  • Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, in a new location.
  • It often happens over long distances and between countries, but internal migration (within a single country) is the dominant form of human migration globally.
  • People may migrate as individuals, in family units, or in large groups.
  • Migration is often linked to better human capital at both individual and household level, and to better access to migration networks, which can help people make a second move.
  • Migration has a high potential to improve human development, and some studies confirm it is the most direct route out of poverty.
  • Age is important for both work and non-work migration.

Types of Migration

  • Internal migration takes place within a single country; international migration (also called external migration) is movement from one country to another.
  • Voluntary migration is when people choose to move; forced migration is when people are displaced by events such as natural disasters or civil disturbance.
  • People forced to move but who stay in their home country are called internally-displaced persons; those who leave their home country may be described as displaced persons.
  • There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration.
  • Differential migration involves selective migration, or migration involving only parts of a population group.
  • Large-scale migration can involve entire ethnic groups shifting their residence, as in the Migration Period (Völkerwanderung) of late antiquity.

Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers

  • Migrants are traditionally described as persons who change their country of residence for general reasons, such as better job opportunities or healthcare needs.
  • Anyone changing their geographical location permanently becomes a migrant.
  • The UNHCR defines refugees as 'persons forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution'.
  • Refugees usually must relocate unwillingly and as fast as possible, so they may relocate without documentation.
  • Asylum seekers leave their country unwillingly but not necessarily under oppressing circumstances such as war or death-threats; their motivation may be an unstable economic or political situation or high rates of crime.
  • Asylum seekers relocate predominantly to escape the degradation of the quality of their lives.
  • If an asylum seeker's application is approved, their legal classification changes to that of a refugee.

Push and Pull Factors

  • Push factors are circumstances that motivate people to leave a place, such as war, persecution, natural disasters, or a poor economic situation.
  • Pull factors are circumstances that attract people to a new place, such as better job opportunities, healthcare, or a higher quality of life.
  • Forced displacement, such as from a natural disaster or civil disturbance, is a strong push factor.
  • People fleeing political, religious, or other types of persecution in their home country may formally request shelter in a host country.
  • The reasons for refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the source country or other forms of oppression, coming either from government or non-governmental sources.

Migration Patterns and Numbers

  • The World Bank has published three editions of its Migration and Remittances Factbook, beginning in 2008, with a second edition in 2011 and a third in 2016.
  • The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has published ten editions of the World Migration Report since 1999.
  • The United Nations Statistics Division also keeps a database on worldwide migration.
  • Structurally, there is substantial South–South and North–North migration; in 2013, 38% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while 23% had migrated from high-income OECD countries to other high-income countries.
  • The United Nations Population Fund says that while the North experienced a higher absolute increase in the migrant stock since 2000 (32 million) compared to the South (25 million), the South recorded a higher growth rate.
  • Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions (2.3%) slightly exceeded that of the developed regions (2.1%).

Internal Migration and Urbanisation

  • Substantial internal migration can take place within a country, either as seasonal human migration (mainly related to agriculture and tourism to urban places) or as shifts of the population into cities (urbanisation) or out of cities (suburbanisation).
  • However, studies of worldwide migration patterns tend to limit their scope to international migration.
  • Nomadic movements are usually not regarded as migrations, as such movement is generally seasonal and there is no intention to settle permanently in the new place.
  • Only a few people have retained a nomadic lifestyle in modern times.
  • Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or commuting is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places.

Gender and Migration

  • Almost half of all migrants are women, one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century.
  • Women migrate alone or with their family members and community.
  • Even though female migration is largely viewed as an association rather than independent migration, emerging studies argue complex and manifold reasons for this.

Impacts on Source and Host Countries

  • Migration can improve human capital at both individual and household level.
  • It has a high potential to improve human development and can be the most direct route out of poverty.
  • Better access to migration networks can facilitate a possible second move.
  • The impacts on source and host countries include economic, social and demographic changes, though the source material focuses on the potential benefits for migrants themselves.

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练习题

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  1. 1.Which term describes the movement of people within a single country, for example from one region of the UK to another?

    Easy
    • AInternal migration
    • BInternational migration
    • CEmigration
    • DAsylum seeking

  2. 2.The UNHCR defines refugees as people who are forced to flee their country. Which reason does this definition give?

    Medium
    • AViolence or persecution
    • BA wish for better healthcare
    • CA desire to travel
    • DA shortage of housing

  3. 3.Which statement best distinguishes an asylum seeker from a refugee?

    Medium
    • AAn asylum seeker has applied for shelter in a host country and is waiting for a decision; a refugee's application has been approved.
    • BA refugee has applied for shelter and is waiting for a decision; an asylum seeker has already been approved.
    • CAn asylum seeker moves for better job opportunities, while a refugee moves for healthcare.
    • DAn asylum seeker moves within their own country, while a refugee moves to another country.

  4. 4.Which of the following are push factors that can force people to leave a place? (select all that apply)

    Medium
    • AWar or civil disturbance
    • BPersecution
    • CA natural disaster
    • DBetter job opportunities abroad
    • EGood healthcare in the destination country

  5. 5.Nomadic movements are usually regarded as migration because they involve settling permanently in a new place.

    Easy

    True or false?

  6. 6.Match each migration term to its correct meaning.

    Medium
    • Refugee
    • Asylum seeker
    • Economic migrant
    • A person forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution
    • A person who leaves their country unwillingly and requests shelter in a host country
    • A person who moves mainly for better job opportunities or healthcare

  7. 7.Put the following stages in the correct order for a person who becomes a refugee.

    Medium
    • A person is forced to flee their home country because of violence or persecution.
    • The person crosses a border and formally requests shelter in a host country.
    • The host country approves the application and the person's legal classification becomes that of a refugee.

  8. 8.In 2013, what percentage of all migrants had moved from developing countries to other developing countries?

    Hard
    • A38%
    • B23%
    • C2.3%
    • D32%

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