Tourism and sustainability
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给教育者： 面向 Tourism and sustainability（KS3 Geography，Human Geography）的即用型课程幻灯片, 复习笔记——用在你的课堂上，或将该知识点作为学习者可实时游玩的互动课堂活动来运行。
课程笔记
Why tourism has grown
- Tourism is travel for leisure, business or visiting friends, staying away from home for at least one night.
- Rising incomes and paid holidays give people more money and time to travel.
- Cheaper flights, especially budget airlines, and faster transport make distant places accessible.
- The internet makes it easy to research and book trips; social media advertises destinations.
- People live longer and many retired people travel.
Types of tourism
- Mass tourism: large numbers of people visiting the same places, often on package holidays to beach resorts.
- Ecotourism: small-scale, nature-based tourism that protects the environment and benefits local people.
- Adventure tourism: activities such as trekking, climbing and diving.
- Cultural and heritage tourism: visiting historic sites, festivals and museums; city breaks are short urban trips.
Positive impacts of tourism
- Economic: jobs in hotels, restaurants, transport and guiding; income from taxes; money to spend on infrastructure.
- The multiplier effect: money spent by tourists passes on to local suppliers and workers, who spend it too.
- Social: new facilities such as roads and airports that local people can also use; pride in local culture.
- Environmental: entrance fees can pay for conservation of wildlife and landscapes.
Negative impacts of tourism
- Economic: many jobs are seasonal and low-paid; leakage happens when profits go to foreign-owned hotels and tour companies.
- Social: house prices rise when outsiders buy second homes; local culture can be changed or commercialised; crowding.
- Environmental: litter, water and air pollution, footpath erosion, damage to coral reefs, and carbon emissions from flights.
The Butler model
- Butler's tourist area life cycle shows how a resort changes over time.
- Stages: exploration (few visitors) → involvement (locals provide facilities) → development (rapid growth, outside investment) → consolidation (growth slows) → stagnation (peak visitors, resort looks tired).
- After stagnation a resort may decline or be rejuvenated with new attractions.
- Many UK seaside resorts declined when cheap package holidays abroad became popular, and some have been regenerated.
Case study: the Lake District National Park
- The Lake District in Cumbria became one of the UK's first national parks in 1951 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017.
- It attracts millions of visitors a year for walking, lakes, mountains and literary heritage such as Wordsworth and Beatrix Potter.
- Honeypot sites such as Windermere and Keswick get very crowded.
- Problems: traffic congestion on narrow roads, footpath erosion, litter, and second homes pushing up house prices for local people.
- Management: repairing and stone-pitching footpaths, park-and-ride and bus services, and encouraging visits outside the peak season.
Sustainable tourism and fragile environments
- Sustainable tourism meets visitors' needs while protecting the environment and benefiting local people now and in the future.
- The Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) are fragile: rules include visitor fees, licensed guides, set trails and limits on numbers to protect unique wildlife.
- Ecotourism in countries such as Costa Rica uses small lodges, local guides and conservation fees.
- Tourists can help by staying longer, using local businesses, respecting wildlife and culture, and flying less.
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练习题
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1.Which of these has helped tourism grow?
Easy- ACheaper flights from budget airlines
- BFewer paid holidays
- CFalling incomes
- DSlower transport
2.How has the internet helped tourism grow?
Easy- AIt has made flights more expensive
- BIt stops people travelling
- CIt removes the need for hotels
- DPeople can research and book trips easily
3.What is mass tourism?
Easy- ABusiness trips only
- BTourism in space
- CLarge numbers of people visiting the same places, often on package holidays
- DSmall groups visiting remote nature reserves
4.What is ecotourism?
Easy- AVisiting theme parks
- BSmall-scale nature-based tourism that protects the environment and benefits local people
- CAny holiday by aeroplane
- DPackage holidays to beach resorts
5.Trekking in the Himalayas is an example of which type of tourism?
Easy- AAdventure tourism
- BMass tourism
- CA city break
- DBusiness tourism
6.What is the multiplier effect in tourism?
Medium- AThe number of tourists doubling each year
- BHotels charging more in summer
- CTourists visiting several countries in one trip
- DMoney spent by tourists passes on to local suppliers and workers, who spend it too
7.What is leakage in tourism?
Medium- ATourists leaving a resort early
- BOil spills from cruise ships
- CWhen profits go to foreign-owned companies instead of the local economy
- DWater leaking from hotel pools
8.Why are many tourism jobs described as seasonal?
Medium- AThey last for many years
- BThey are only available at the busiest times of year
- CThey are only done in winter
- DThey are very well paid
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