The Mali Empire

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课程笔记

The Rise of the Mali Empire

  • The Mali Empire was a West African empire that lasted from c. 1235 to 1610.
  • It began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, in the Manding region.
  • It grew during the 11th and 12th centuries as the Ghana Empire declined and trade centres shifted southward.
  • The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita, a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty.
  • Sundiata was called upon to free local people from the rule of Soumaoro Kanté, king of the Sosso Empire.
  • The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 marked Mali's emergence as a major power, with the Kouroukan Fouga as its constitution.

Sundiata Keita and the Keita Dynasty

  • Sundiata Keita lived from c. 1214 to c. 1255.
  • He founded the Mali Empire and was its first ruler for whom accurate written information exists.
  • After his death, Mali's kings or emperors were referred to by the title mansa.
  • In 1285, Sakura, a former slave who had become a general, carried out a military coup.
  • After Sakura's death, the Keita dynasty was restored with the accession of Mansa Gao (c. 1300–1305).

Trans-Saharan Trade: Gold and Salt

  • The Mali Empire became renowned for the wealth of its monarchs, especially Mansa Musa.
  • Its wealth was built on trans-Saharan trade, particularly in gold and salt.
  • Control of trade routes helped Mali grow and influence the culture of the region.
  • Mali spread its language, laws, and customs widely across West Africa.

Mansa Musa and His Pilgrimage

  • Mansa Musa (Musa Keita) took the throne in c. 1312.
  • He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326.
  • On this pilgrimage, his generous gifts and expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt.
  • Mansa Musa's reign is often associated with Mali's wealth and power at its height.

Timbuktu: Centre of Islamic Learning

  • Timbuktu was a major centre of Islamic learning within the Mali Empire.
  • It attracted scholars and became known for its manuscripts.
  • The empire's influence spread through its language, laws, and customs, supported by such centres of learning.
  • Islamic scholarship connected Mali to the wider Muslim world.

Later Rulers and the Golden Age

  • Maghan I succeeded Mansa Musa as mansa c. 1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341.
  • Suleyman's reign lasted 19 years, during which the traveller Ibn Battuta visited Mali.
  • Suleyman's death marked the end of Mali's Golden Age and the beginning of a slow decline.
  • The Tarikh al-Sudan records that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century.

Decline and Fall

  • From 1507 onwards, neighbouring states such as Diarra, Great Fulo, Yatenga, and the Songhai Empire chipped away at Mali's borders.
  • In 1544/45, the Songhai invaded the capital but failed to conquer the empire.
  • Mali made a brief comeback in the late 16th century, hoping to exploit Songhai's collapse after the 1593 Moroccan invasion.
  • A disastrous defeat outside Djenne in 1599 ended those hopes.
  • After that, the empire rapidly disintegrated and was replaced by independent chiefdoms.
  • The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs.

Sources and Historiography

  • Much recorded information about Mali comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus.
  • Another major source is Mandinka oral tradition, recorded by storytellers known as griots.
  • Shihab al-'Umari wrote an account in about 1340, based on information from visiting Malians taking the hajj.
  • Ibn Battuta visited Mali in 1352 and left the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness.
  • After Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406, there are no further Arab primary sources except Leo Africanus.
  • For the later period, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of Mali's coastal provinces.

The Name 'Mali'

  • Mali, Mandé, Manden, Mande-Bissa, and Manding are various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects.
  • Medieval Arab geographers recorded the name as Mali (Arabic: مالي, romanized: Mālī).
  • In the Manding languages, Manden or Manding is the name of the region corresponding to the heartland of the Mali Empire.
  • Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali was the name of a town or a region.
  • Ibn Battuta called the capital city Mali; the 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a 'city of Melly'; Leo Africanus said the capital was called Melli.
  • One hypothesis suggests Mali derives from Mandé mali meaning 'hippopotamus', an animal significant to the Keitas, but this has been rejected by locals.

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练习题

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  1. 1.Who founded the Mali Empire?

    Easy
    • ASundiata Keita
    • BMansa Musa
    • CSoumaoro Kanté
    • DIbn Battuta
  2. 2.In which year did Mansa Musa make his famous pilgrimage to Mecca?

    Easy
    • A1324
    • B1285
    • C1341
    • D1406
  3. 3.Which traveller visited Mali during the reign of Suleyman and left the first eyewitness account of a West African kingdom?

    Medium
    • AIbn Battuta
    • BIbn Khaldun
    • CLeo Africanus
    • DAlvise Cadamosto
  4. 4.What was the title used by the kings or emperors of Mali after the death of Sundiata Keita?

    Easy
    • AMansa
    • BGriot
    • CKeita
    • DSundiata
  5. 5.Which of the following was a major source of information about the Mali Empire, as recorded by Mandinka storytellers?

    Medium
    • AOral tradition
    • BThe Catalan Atlas
    • CThe Tarikh al-Sudan
    • DPortuguese accounts
  6. 6.In which year did the Songhai invade the capital of Mali but fail to conquer the empire?

    Medium
    • A1544/45
    • B1599
    • C1507
    • D1593
  7. 7.Which of the following was a cause of the decline of the Mali Empire?

    Medium
    • ANeighbouring states such as Songhai chipped away at Mali's borders
    • BThe pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca
    • CThe founding of the Mali Empire by Sundiata Keita
    • DThe visit of Ibn Battuta to Mali
  8. 8.The Mali Empire existed from c. 1235 to 1610.

    Easy

    True or false?

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