Drugs

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课程笔记

What are drugs?

Drugs are substances that can change how the body and mind work.
Some drugs are used for medical reasons (e.g., painkillers), others for recreation.
Recreational drugs can have serious effects on health and behaviour.

Types of drugs and their effects

Painkillers (e.g., paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen) block pain signals from reaching the brain; they do not treat the cause of pain.
Depressants (e.g., alcohol, heroin) slow down brain activity, making you feel relaxed or sleepy, but impair coordination and slow reaction times.
Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) increase brain activity, making you feel more awake and alert; they also increase heart rate and blood pressure.
Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, magic mushrooms) change your perception of reality, causing you to see, hear, or feel things that are not there.

Alcohol – a legal depressant

Alcohol is a legal drug classified as a depressant; it enters the bloodstream and slows brain functions.
Effects include slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired judgment, and reduced coordination and reaction times.
Long-term heavy drinking can cause liver disease (cirrhosis), heart disease, increased cancer risk, brain damage, and mental health issues.
Alcohol can lead to aggressive or risky behaviour and addiction.

Addiction and withdrawal

Addiction is when the body or mind becomes dependent on a substance, leading to a strong need to keep using it despite harm.
When an addicted person stops using the drug, they may experience withdrawal symptoms.
Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, shaking, and nausea.

Illegal drugs

Some drugs are illegal because they are highly addictive and cause severe harm to mental and physical health.
Examples of illegal drugs: heroin and cocaine.

Four main types of drugs and their effects on the body and mind.

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练习题

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1.Which type of drug slows down brain activity and can make you feel relaxed or sleepy?
Easy
- ADepressants
- BStimulants
- CPainkillers
- DHallucinogens
2.Which of the following is an example of a painkiller?
Easy
- AParacetamol
- BCaffeine
- CLSD
- DAlcohol
3.Which of the following drugs is illegal?
Easy
- AHeroin
- BAlcohol
- CParacetamol
- DCaffeine
4.Why is it dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol?
Easy
- AAlcohol slows reaction times and impairs coordination
- BAlcohol increases alertness and concentration
- CAlcohol improves vision and hearing
- DAlcohol has no effect on driving ability
5.What is meant by addiction?
Easy
- AA strong need to keep using a drug even when it is harmful
- BA temporary desire to try a new substance
- CA medical treatment using drugs
- DA feeling of relaxation after taking a drug
6.Which of the following is a withdrawal symptom?
Easy
- AAnxiety
- BIncreased energy
- CImproved concentration
- DEuphoria
7.Why are heroin and cocaine illegal?
Easy
- AThey are highly addictive and cause severe harm to health
- BThey are used for medical purposes
- CThey are legal in some countries
- DThey are depressants
8.How do painkillers work?
Medium
- AThey block pain signals from reaching the brain
- BThey increase brain activity to ignore pain
- CThey treat the cause of the pain
- DThey slow down the nervous system

更多题目

9.What effect do hallucinogens have on a person?
Easy
- AThey change perception of reality, causing hallucinations
- BThey slow down brain activity
- CThey increase heart rate and blood pressure
- DThey relieve pain
10.What effect do stimulants have on the body?
Easy
- AThey increase brain activity, heart rate, and blood pressure
- BThey slow down brain activity
- CThey block pain signals
- DThey cause hallucinations
11.Which of the following is NOT a potential long-term effect of regular heavy drinking?
Medium
- AImproved memory
- BLiver disease
- CHeart disease
- DIncreased risk of certain cancers
12.A student measures the reaction time of a person before and after drinking a caffeinated energy drink. The results show that the reaction time decreased from 0.35 s to 0.28 s. What type of drug is caffeine?
Medium
- AStimulant
- BDepressant
- CPainkiller
- DHallucinogen
13.A researcher records the heart rates of 20 participants before and after taking a drug. The average heart rate increased from 72 bpm to 98 bpm. Which drug type was most likely taken?
Medium
- ADepressant
- BStimulant
- CPainkiller
- DHallucinogen
14.The table shows the effects of four drugs on coordination. Which drug is most likely a depressant? Drug A: improves coordination Drug B: no effect on coordination Drug C: impairs coordination Drug D: slightly impairs coordination
Medium
- ADrug A
- BDrug B
- CDrug C
- DDrug D
15.Which of the following is an example of a depressant?
Easy
- ACaffeine
- BAlcohol
- CCocaine
- DLSD
16.A graph shows the number of accidents per hour for drivers with different blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). As BAC increases, the number of accidents increases. What does this suggest about alcohol?
Medium
- AAlcohol improves driving ability
- BAlcohol has no effect on driving
- CAlcohol impairs coordination and reaction time
- DAlcohol only affects vision
17.A study compares the liver health of 100 heavy drinkers and 100 non-drinkers over 10 years. At the end, 30 heavy drinkers developed liver disease, while only 2 non-drinkers did. What conclusion can be drawn?
Medium
- AAlcohol prevents liver disease
- BAlcohol is the only cause of liver disease
- CHeavy drinking increases the risk of liver disease
- DNon-drinkers cannot get liver disease
18.A person takes a drug and reports seeing colours that are not there. Which type of drug did they most likely take?
Easy
- AStimulant
- BDepressant
- CPainkiller
- DHallucinogen
19.Which of the following is a withdrawal symptom of addiction?
Easy
- AImproved concentration
- BAnxiety
- CIncreased energy
- DBetter sleep
20.A pharmaceutical company tests a new painkiller on 200 patients. 150 report reduced pain, 30 report no change, and 20 report increased pain. What percentage of patients experienced reduced pain?
Medium
- A75%
- B15%
- C10%
- D85%
21.A bar chart shows the number of drug-related hospital admissions for three drugs: X, Y, and Z. Drug X has the highest number, Drug Y moderate, Drug Z the lowest. Which drug is most harmful based on this data?
Medium
- ADrug X
- BDrug Y
- CDrug Z
- DCannot tell from this data alone
22.A student investigates the effect of nicotine on heart rate. They measure heart rate before and after smoking a cigarette. The results show an increase from 70 bpm to 90 bpm. Nicotine is a:
Medium
- ADepressant
- BStimulant
- CPainkiller
- DHallucinogen
23.A student investigates the effect of caffeine on reaction time. They measure reaction time before and after drinking a caffeinated drink. The results show that the average reaction time decreased from 0.35 s to 0.28 s. Which of the following is the most valid conclusion?
Medium
- ACaffeine improves reaction time
- BCaffeine worsens reaction time
- CCaffeine has no effect on reaction time
- DCaffeine is a depressant
24.In an experiment, 50 participants are given either a new drug or a placebo. Their heart rates are measured after 30 minutes. The mean heart rate in the drug group is 85 bpm, and in the placebo group it is 72 bpm. The difference is statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?
Hard
- AThe drug increases heart rate
- BThe drug decreases heart rate
- CThe drug has no effect on heart rate
- DThe drug is a depressant
25.A student wants to test the effect of alcohol on coordination. They ask participants to walk along a straight line. Which of the following is the most appropriate control variable?
Medium
- AThe amount of alcohol consumed
- BThe length of the line
- CThe age of the participants
- DThe time of day
26.Which of the following is an example of a hallucinogen?
Easy
- ALSD
- BParacetamol
- CCaffeine
- DAlcohol
27.A person who is addicted to a drug stops taking it and experiences shaking and nausea. These symptoms are most likely:
Easy
- AWithdrawal symptoms
- BSide effects
- COverdose effects
- DAllergic reactions
28.A scientist measures the reaction times of 10 participants before and after they drink alcohol. The results are shown in the table below. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion? Participant | Before (s) | After (s) 1 | 0.30 | 0.45 2 | 0.28 | 0.40 3 | 0.32 | 0.48 4 | 0.31 | 0.44 5 | 0.29 | 0.42 6 | 0.33 | 0.47 7 | 0.30 | 0.43 8 | 0.27 | 0.41 9 | 0.34 | 0.49 10 | 0.31 | 0.46
Medium
- AAlcohol slows reaction time
- BAlcohol speeds up reaction time
- CAlcohol has no effect on reaction time
- DAlcohol improves coordination
29.Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?
Easy
- ANicotine
- BHeroin
- CAspirin
- DLSD
30.A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of alcohol evaporation. Which piece of equipment is most essential for measuring the independent variable?
Medium
- AThermometer
- BStopwatch
- CMeasuring cylinder
- DBalance
31.A researcher wants to test whether a new drug is a stimulant or a depressant. They measure the heart rates of 30 participants before and after taking the drug. The average heart rate increases from 70 bpm to 95 bpm. Which of the following additional pieces of evidence would best support the conclusion that the drug is a stimulant?
Medium
- AParticipants report feeling more alert
- BParticipants report feeling sleepy
- CParticipants report seeing colours
- DParticipants report reduced pain
32.Which of the following is a long-term effect of heavy alcohol consumption?
Easy
- ALiver disease
- BImproved memory
- CLower blood pressure
- DFaster reaction time
33.A scientist observes that a drug causes a person to see things that are not there. Which type of drug has the person most likely taken?
Easy
- AHallucinogen
- BStimulant
- CDepressant
- DPainkiller
34.In a study, 100 participants are given a drug and 100 are given a placebo. After one month, 15 people in the drug group and 5 in the placebo group show signs of addiction. Which of the following is the most valid conclusion?
Medium
- AThe drug is addictive
- BThe drug is safe
- CThe placebo is addictive
- DThe drug has no effect
35.Which of the following is a painkiller?
Easy
- AParacetamol
- BCaffeine
- CLSD
- DHeroin
36.A student measures the reaction time of a person before and after drinking a caffeinated energy drink. The reaction time decreases from 0.30 s to 0.22 s. Which type of drug is caffeine?
Easy
- AStimulant
- BDepressant
- CPainkiller
- DHallucinogen
37.A researcher records the heart rates of 20 participants before and after taking a drug. The average heart rate increases from 72 bpm to 98 bpm. Which drug type is most likely?
Medium
- AStimulant
- BDepressant
- CPainkiller
- DHallucinogen
38.The table shows the effects of four drugs on coordination. Which drug is most likely a depressant? Drug A: improves coordination Drug B: no effect on coordination Drug C: slightly impairs coordination Drug D: severely impairs coordination
Medium
- ADrug A
- BDrug B
- CDrug C
- DDrug D
39.A graph shows the number of accidents per hour for drivers with different blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). As BAC increases from 0.02% to 0.10%, the number of accidents per hour increases from 5 to 25. What is the increase in accidents per hour per 0.01% increase in BAC?
Hard
- A2.5 accidents per hour
- B3.0 accidents per hour
- C4.0 accidents per hour
- D5.0 accidents per hour
40.A study compares the liver health of 100 heavy drinkers and 100 non-drinkers over 10 years. At the end, 30 heavy drinkers developed liver disease, while only 2 non-drinkers did. What is the increased risk of liver disease for heavy drinkers compared to non-drinkers?
Hard
- A15 times
- B10 times
- C5 times
- D28 times
41.Stimulants slow down brain activity and make you feel sleepy.
Easy
True or false?
42.Paracetamol is an example of a painkiller.
Easy
True or false?
43.Alcohol is a stimulant.
Easy
True or false?
44.Heroin and cocaine are examples of illegal drugs.
Easy
True or false?
45.Which type of drug blocks pain signals from reaching the brain?
Easy
- APainkillers
- BDepressants
- CStimulants
- DHallucinogens
46.Which of the following is a depressant?
Easy
- ACaffeine
- BNicotine
- CAlcohol
- DLSD
47.A drug that makes you see, hear, or feel things that aren't really there is called a:
Easy
- APainkiller
- BDepressant
- CStimulant
- DHallucinogen
48.Which of the following is NOT a withdrawal symptom?
Medium
- AAnxiety
- BShaking
- CNausea
- DIncreased alertness
49.Match each type of drug with its correct effect.
Medium
- Painkiller
- Depressant
- Stimulant
- Hallucinogen
- Blocks pain signals
- Slows brain activity
- Increases alertness
- Changes perception of reality
50.Arrange the following events in the correct order to show how alcohol affects a person who then drives dangerously: (a) impaired judgment, (b) alcohol enters the bloodstream, (c) slowed reaction time, (d) loss of coordination.
Medium
- impaired judgment
- alcohol enters the bloodstream
- slowed reaction time
- loss of coordination
51.Complete the sentence.
Easy
Addiction is when your body or mind becomes ____ on a substance.
52.Complete the sentence using the words below: (depressant, stimulant, hallucinogen, painkiller).
Medium
Alcohol is a ____ that slows down brain activity, while caffeine is a ____ that increases alertness.
53.Explain why it is dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol.
Medium
54.Explain what is meant by addiction.
Medium

复习笔记

## Drugs - Revision Notes Drugs are substances that change how the body and mind work. They can be medical or recreational. ### Types of Drugs - **Painkillers**: Block pain signals to the brain (e.g., paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen). They relieve discomfort but don't treat the cause. - **Depressants**: Slow brain activity, causing relaxation or sleepiness. They impair coordination and slow reaction times (e.g., alcohol, heroin). - **Stimulants**: Increase brain activity, making you feel awake and alert. They raise heart rate and blood pressure (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine). - **Hallucinogens**: Change perception of reality; you may see, hear, or feel things that aren't there (e.g., LSD, magic mushrooms). ### Alcohol - A legal **depressant** that slows brain function. - Effects: slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired judgment, poor coordination, slower reactions. - Long-term risks: liver disease (cirrhosis), heart disease, cancer, brain damage, memory problems, mental health issues. - Can lead to addiction and risky behaviour. ### Addiction - When the body or mind becomes dependent on a substance. - People feel a strong need to keep using the drug despite knowing it's harmful. - Stopping use causes **withdrawal symptoms**: anxiety, shaking, nausea, and other physical/mental issues. ### Illegal Drugs - Heroin and cocaine are illegal due to high addiction potential and severe harm to mental and physical health. ### Key Points - **Painkillers** block pain signals; they don't cure the cause. - **Depressants** slow brain activity; **stimulants** speed it up. - **Hallucinogens** distort reality. - Driving after drinking is dangerous because alcohol slows reaction times and impairs coordination and judgment.

Drug: A substance that can change how the body and mind work.
Painkiller: A drug that blocks pain signals from reaching the brain, relieving discomfort without treating the cause.
Depressant: A drug that slows down brain activity, making you feel relaxed or sleepy, and impairs coordination and reaction times.
Stimulant: A drug that increases brain activity, making you feel more awake and alert, and can increase heart rate and blood pressure.
Hallucinogen: A drug that changes your perception of reality, causing you to see, hear, or feel things that aren't there.
Addiction: A condition where the body or mind becomes dependent on a substance, leading to a strong need to keep using it despite harmful effects.
Withdrawal symptoms: Physical and mental health issues that occur when an addicted person stops using a drug, including anxiety, shaking, and nausea.

闪卡

What are drugs?

Drugs are substances that can change how the body and mind work.

What do painkillers do?

Painkillers block pain signals from reaching the brain, relieving discomfort without treating the cause.

Give three examples of painkillers.

Paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen.

What effect do depressants have on the brain?

Depressants slow down the brain's activity, making you feel relaxed or sleepy, and can affect coordination and reaction times.

Give two examples of depressants.

Alcohol and heroin.

What effect do stimulants have on the body?

Stimulants increase brain activity, making you feel more awake and alert, and can increase heart rate and blood pressure.

Give three examples of stimulants.

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine.

What do hallucinogens do?

Hallucinogens change your perception of reality, causing you to see, hear, or feel things that aren't there.

Give two examples of hallucinogens.

LSD and magic mushrooms.

How does alcohol affect the body?

Alcohol is a depressant that slows brain function, causing slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired judgment, and reduced coordination and reaction times.

Why is it dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol?

Alcohol affects coordination and reaction times, making driving dangerous.

What are the long-term health effects of heavy drinking?

Heavy drinking can lead to liver disease (cirrhosis), heart disease, increased cancer risk, brain damage, memory problems, and mental health issues.

What is addiction?

Addiction is when your body or mind becomes dependent on a substance, feeling a strong need to keep using it even when knowing it's harmful.

What are withdrawal symptoms?

Withdrawal symptoms occur when an addicted person stops using the drug and can include anxiety, shaking, and nausea.

State three withdrawal symptoms.

Anxiety, shaking, nausea.

Why are heroin and cocaine illegal?

They are illegal because of their highly addictive nature and the severe harm they cause to mental and physical health.

True or false: Stimulants slow down brain activity and make you feel sleepy.

False.

True or false: Paracetamol is an example of a painkiller.

True.

True or false: Alcohol is a stimulant.

False.

True or false: Heroin and cocaine are examples of illegal drugs.

True.

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