Networks, topologies and protocols

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課程筆記

LAN (local area network): covers a small area (building); owned by the organisation. WAN (wide area network): covers a large area (the Internet is the largest WAN); uses third-party links.
Client-server: a central server provides services (files, web, email) to clients; easier to manage and secure. Peer-to-peer: each computer shares resources equally; cheap, but harder to manage and less secure.

NIC (network interface card), router (connects networks and directs data), switch (connects devices in a LAN), wireless access point (WAP), modem, cables (copper, fibre optic) or wireless.

Star: all devices connect to a central switch; if one cable fails, others work; the switch is a single point of failure; popular.
Mesh: devices connect to many others; very reliable but costly.

An IP address identifies a network interface for routing and communication; IPv6 offers a much larger address space than IPv4.
A MAC address identifies an interface on a local link. It may be manufacturer-assigned or locally assigned/randomised; it is not an infallible permanent identity.
DNS resolves domain names to associated records, including IP addresses.

A protocol defines communication rules. HTTP/HTTPS serve the Web, SMTP sends email, IMAP/POP access mail, and FTP is specifically named for file transfer. HTTP can transfer files too.
HTTPS uses TLS to protect HTTP traffic in transit and authenticate the server; it does not guarantee that a site’s contents are trustworthy.
IP forwards packets between networks. TCP can provide ordered reliable delivery, including recovery of missing data; not every protocol retransmits packets.

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