Research, user needs and specifications

邊玩邊學

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課程筆記

Choose research to answer a specific design question. Primary research is collected firsthand for that investigation: observation, interviews, surveys and trials can qualify. Secondary research uses existing information, including another organisation’s survey results. Record where evidence came from and its limitations.
Product analysis examines an existing product’s use, function, construction, materials and limitations. Your own inspection or testing can be primary; a published review is secondary. Disassembly is optional and may be unsafe or inappropriate for some products.
Use neutral questions and a relevant sample. Interviews can include follow-up and need not be strictly one-to-one. Observation can reveal differences between what users say and do. Colour names are categories, counts of colour choices are quantitative, and reasons for choices can supply qualitative evidence.

Identify who commissions, buys, uses, maintains or is affected by the product. These roles may differ. Investigate relevant tasks and contexts instead of stereotyping people from demographic categories alone.
Ergonomics addresses interaction with people’s physical and cognitive capabilities. Anthropometric body measurements inform some decisions; accessibility also considers sensory, cognitive and other barriers. User feedback, adjustment and alternative interaction methods may be needed.
A 5th–95th interval covers the central 90% of one dimension in the stated population. It is not a guarantee of whole-product fit: individuals differ across dimensions, and people outside the interval remain users. Choose the population, posture and task carefully; a smaller reach may constrain control placement, while larger dimensions can constrain clearance. Test the complete design rather than combining unrelated percentile values as a fictional average person.

Select relevant criteria for function, size or mass, materials, manufacture, appearance, cost, safety, sustainability, usability and maintenance. Each important criterion should trace back to evidence or a genuine constraint and have a suitable method of evaluation.
Numerical limits are useful when appropriate, but arbitrary precision is not evidence. “Handle length 100–120 mm” is measurable; it does not by itself prove comfortable use. Define what is measured, the conditions, the acceptance rule and how research justifies the range.
Practice targets are hypothetical: a lunch box might require at least 1.5 litres usable volume checked by an agreed suitable method, and at most 300 g empty mass checked using a suitable balance. These two criteria are not universal school-product recommendations, food-safety standards or a complete specification.

Regulations establish relevant legal requirements. A British Standard is a published consensus document for a defined subject; it may set requirements or provide guidance. A standard is not automatically law, and relevance depends on the product and context.
CE and UKCA markings indicate the manufacturer’s declared conformity within the applicable assessment regime. They do not apply to every product or market and are not universal quality awards or government guarantees of safety. This lesson teaches their meaning, not current market-placement procedures or deadlines.
Small parts can create choking concerns in toys for children under three, but a full safety assessment covers more than this one example. Investigate the appropriate current requirements using authoritative sources rather than assuming a mark or an age label replaces assessment.

Compare products against the same relevant criteria and record evidence for strengths, weaknesses and opportunities. A competitor review can inform decisions without becoming a plan to copy its design unchanged.
Trace findings into design action: a hypothetical observation that users cannot locate a control suggests a discoverability need. A draft trial criterion might require at least 8 of 10 users to find it unaided under an agreed task procedure. This invented small trial is evidence for iteration, not proof of universal accessibility or population-wide success.

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