Reactivity Series & Corrosion Of Metals

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Reactivity Series

The reactivity series lists metals in order of their reactivity based on reactions with water and acids.
Non-metals carbon and hydrogen are included for extraction and displacement contexts.
Order (most to least reactive): K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, Fe, H, Cu, Ag, Au.
Mnemonic: “Please send cats, monkeys and cute zebras into hot countries signed Gordon”.
Metals above hydrogen react with dilute HCl; those below do not.
More reactive metals react more vigorously with water and acids.

Reactions with Water and Steam

K, Na, Ca react with cold water: metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen.
K reacts violently, Na quickly, Ca less strongly.
Mg reacts very slowly with cold water but vigorously with steam: Mg + H₂O → MgO + H₂.
Metals below Mg do not react with cold water or steam.

Reactions with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

Metals above H in the series react: metal + 2HCl → metal chloride + H₂.
Mg, Zn, Fe react; Cu, Ag, Au do not.
Reaction vigour increases with reactivity: Mg > Zn > Fe.
K and Na react explosively with acids.

Displacement Reactions (Extended)

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
More reactive metals lose electrons more easily (better reducing agents).
Example: Mg + CuSO₄ → MgSO₄ + Cu (blue solution fades, copper deposits).
No reaction occurs if the added metal is less reactive than the metal in the salt.
Displacement experiments can determine relative reactivity order.

Displacement of copper by magnesium

Explaining Reactivity (Extended)

Reactivity depends on the tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions.
Metals high in the series lose electrons easily; low metals lose electrons with difficulty.
Aluminium appears less reactive due to a protective oxide layer (Al₂O₃).

Rusting of Iron

Rusting requires iron, water, and oxygen; product is hydrated iron(III) oxide (reddish-brown).
Word equation: iron + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(III) oxide.
Only iron or steel rusts; other metals corrode (not rust).
Investigating rusting: nail in air+water rusts; nail in boiled water+oil (no air) does not; nail with calcium chloride (no water) does not.

Requirements for rusting

Rust Prevention: Barrier Methods

Barrier methods coat iron/steel to exclude water and oxygen.
Common barriers: grease, oil, paint, plastic.
If the coating is scratched, the iron is exposed and will rust.

Galvanising & Sacrificial Protection (Extended)

Galvanising coats iron with a layer of zinc (by electroplating or dipping in molten zinc).
Zinc forms ZnCO₃ barrier; if scratched, zinc provides sacrificial protection.
Sacrificial protection attaches a more reactive metal (e.g., zinc) to iron.
Zinc oxidises preferentially: Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻, protecting the iron.
Zinc blocks on ship hulls must be replaced periodically.

Zinc bars on steel ship hulls

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1.Which word equation represents the rusting of iron?
Easy
- Airon + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(III) oxide
- Biron + water + hydrogen → hydrated iron(III) oxide
- Ciron + water + oxygen → hydrated iron(II) oxide
- Diron + water + hydrogen → hydrated iron(II) oxide
2.Which of the following metals does NOT react with dilute hydrochloric acid?
Easy
- AMagnesium
- BZinc
- CCopper
- DIron
3.What is the chemical name for rust?
Easy
- AIron(II) oxide
- BIron(III) oxide
- CHydrated iron(III) oxide
- DHydrated iron(II) oxide
4.Which of the following is a correct statement about the reactivity series?
Medium
- APotassium reacts more vigorously with cold water than calcium.
- BCopper reacts with steam to form copper oxide and hydrogen.
- CCarbon is more reactive than zinc.
- DGold reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
5.In the context of rust prevention, what is galvanising?
Easy
- ACoating iron with a layer of zinc.
- BAttaching a more reactive metal to iron.
- CPainting iron with oil.
- DPlating iron with copper.
6.The following section of the reactivity series shows a newly discovered element, Y. The only oxide of Y has the formula YO. Ca Mg Fe Y H Cu Which of the equations shows a reaction which would take place?
Hard
- A2Y(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → 2Y⁺(aq) + Cu(s)
- BY(s) + Fe₂O₃(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3YO(s)
- CY(s) + 2HCl(aq) → YCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
- DCu(s) + Y²⁺(aq) → Cu²⁺(aq) + Y(s)
7.In an experiment to investigate the composition of air, a student left iron nails in a test tube inverted over water. After one week, the water level inside the test tube rose. Which statement explains why the water level rose?
Medium
- ANitrogen monoxide was produced.
- BIron oxide was produced.
- CThe temperature of the water increased.
- DSulfur dioxide was produced.
8.A student adds zinc to copper(II) sulfate solution. Which observations are correct for this reaction?
Medium
- ASolution colour stays the same; pale grey crystals forming.
- BSolution turns darker blue; grey residue on the metal.
- CSolution turns orange/brown; blue crystals form on the metal.
- DSolution turns paler blue; orange/brown residue on the metal.

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9.Four metals W, X, Y, Z are tested with dilute hydrochloric acid. Observations: W - slow reaction, X - violent reaction, Y - very slow reaction, Z - no reaction. Which row correctly identifies the metals?
Medium
- AW=iron, X=potassium, Y=silver, Z=aluminium
- BW=iron, X=potassium, Y=aluminium, Z=silver
- CW=aluminium, X=potassium, Y=iron, Z=silver
- DW=aluminium, X=potassium, Y=silver, Z=iron
10.Four metals P, Q, R, S are added to solutions of their ions. Results (✓ = reaction, ✗ = no reaction): |Metal|P²⁺|Q²⁺|R²⁺|S²⁺| |---|---|---|---|---| |P|✗|✗|✓|✓| |Q|✓|✗|✓|✓| |R|✗|✗|✗|✗| |S|✗|✗|✓|✗| What is the order of reactivity from most to least reactive?
Hard
- AQ, P, S, R
- BQ, S, P, R
- CR, P, S, Q
- DR, S, P, Q
11.Small blocks of zinc are attached to steel ship hulls to prevent rusting. Which statement explains this process?
Medium
- AZinc is higher in the reactivity series than iron, so it has a higher tendency to become reduced.
- BZinc is lower in the reactivity series than iron, so it has a higher tendency to become reduced.
- CZinc is higher in the reactivity series than iron, so it has a higher tendency to become oxidised.
- DZinc is lower in the reactivity series than iron, so it has a higher tendency to become oxidised.
12.Which of the following metals reacts with cold water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas?
Easy
- AIron
- BZinc
- CCalcium
- DCopper
13.A student measures the temperature rise when 0.1 g of each metal is added to excess dilute hydrochloric acid. Results: Mg: +12°C, Zn: +6°C, Fe: +3°C, Cu: 0°C. Which metal is most reactive?
Easy
- AMg
- BZn
- CFe
- DCu
14.Which of the following displacement reactions will occur?
Medium
- ACopper + magnesium sulfate →
- BZinc + iron(II) chloride →
- CIron + zinc chloride →
- DSilver + copper(II) sulfate →
15.The table shows the volume of hydrogen gas produced after one minute when five metals (P, Q, R, S, T) react with dilute hydrochloric acid. |Metal|Volume of H₂ (cm³)| |---|---| |P|15| |Q|5| |R|40| |S|10| |T|0| What is the order of reactivity from most to least reactive?
Medium
- AR, P, S, Q, T
- BP, R, S, Q, T
- CT, Q, S, P, R
- DT, S, Q, P, R
16.Which of the following is a correct method to prevent rusting by sacrificial protection?
Medium
- APainting the iron surface
- BCoating with oil
- CAttaching a block of magnesium to an iron pipe
- DPlating with tin
17.In an experiment to investigate rusting, four iron nails are placed in separate test tubes under different conditions. Which nail will rust the most after one week?
Easy
- AA nail dipped in water and then allowed to dry.
- BA nail dipped in paint and then allowed to dry.
- CA nail coated in grease.
- DA nail galvanised with zinc.
18.Compound Y is heated with carbon in a test tube. A brown solid forms and limewater turns cloudy. What is compound Y?
Medium
- ACopper(II) oxide
- BCalcium oxide
- CMagnesium oxide
- DSodium oxide
19.Which row correctly shows how a metal reacts with dilute acid, cold water, and steam?
Medium
- ACopper: reacts with dilute acid ✓, reacts with cold water ×, reacts with steam ×
- BCalcium: reacts with dilute acid ×, reacts with cold water ✓, reacts with steam ✓
- CZinc: reacts with dilute acid ✓, reacts with cold water ×, reacts with steam ×
- DMagnesium: reacts with dilute acid ✓, reacts with cold water ×, reacts with steam ✓
20.Metals Q, R, S have these properties: Q reacts with cold water (yes), steam (yes), acid (violently); R reacts very slowly with cold water, slowly with steam, less strongly with acid; S reacts with none. What are Q, R, S?
Hard
- AQ: Potassium, R: Iron, S: Magnesium
- BQ: Sodium, R: Zinc, S: Copper
- CQ: Silver, R: Aluminium, S: Iron
- DQ: Calcium, R: Copper, S: Gold
21.A student adds four metals to separate samples of aqueous iron(II) chloride. Which row correctly predicts whether a reaction occurs? (✓ = reaction, × = no reaction)
Medium
- Acopper: ×, magnesium: ✓, aluminium: ✓, zinc: ✓
- Bcopper: ✓, magnesium: ×, aluminium: ×, zinc: ×
- Ccopper: ×, magnesium: ✓, aluminium: ×, zinc: ✓
- Dcopper: ×, magnesium: ✓, aluminium: ✓, zinc: ×
22.Reactions of three metals and their oxides are shown: |Metal|Reacts with cold water|Metal oxide reacts with carbon| |---|---|---| |P|no|no| |Q|no|yes| |R|yes|no| What is the order of reactivity (least to most)?
Hard
- AP, Q, R
- BQ, P, R
- CQ, R, P
- DR, P, Q
23.The reactivity series shows a newly discovered element Y between Fe and H: Ca, Mg, Fe, Y, H, Cu. Which equation shows a reaction that will take place?
Hard
- A2Y(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → 2Y⁺(aq) + Cu(s)
- BY(s) + Fe₂O₃(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3YO(s)
- CY(s) + 2HCl(aq) → YCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
- DCu(s) + Y²⁺(aq) → Cu²⁺(aq) + Y(s)
24.In the reactivity series, which non-metal is included to help extract metals from their oxides?
Easy
- Acarbon
- Bnitrogen
- Coxygen
- Dsulfur
25.During rusting, iron is oxidised. What does this mean?
Easy
- AIron loses electrons
- BIron gains electrons
- CIron gains oxygen
- DIron loses oxygen
26.Which statement about galvanising is correct?
Medium
- AIt coats iron with a layer of zinc
- BIt coats iron with a layer of tin
- CIt involves attaching a more reactive metal to iron
- DIt involves painting iron with oil
27.Which of the following is a correct barrier method to prevent rusting?
Easy
- Agrease
- Bgalvanising
- Csacrificial protection
- Delectroplating with zinc
28.Aluminium is high in the reactivity series but reacts slowly with dilute acids. Why?
Medium
- AIt has a protective layer of aluminium oxide
- BIt is less reactive than zinc
- CIt forms a protective layer of aluminium hydroxide
- DIt reacts with water instead
29.In a displacement reaction, zinc is added to copper(II) sulfate solution. What colour change is observed?
Easy
- AThe blue solution becomes colourless
- BThe colourless solution becomes blue
- CThe solution turns green
- DThe solution turns brown
30.Which of the following is the correct order of the reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive?
Medium
- APotassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold
- BGold, Silver, Copper, Hydrogen, Iron, Zinc, Carbon, Aluminium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium
- CPotassium, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold
- DSodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Iron, Zinc, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold
31.Magnesium reacts with steam to form magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas.
Easy
True or false?
32.Which non-metals are included in the reactivity series?
Easy
- ACarbon and Hydrogen
- BOxygen and Nitrogen
- CCarbon and Oxygen
- DHydrogen and Nitrogen
33.Copper reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce copper chloride and hydrogen gas.
Easy
True or false?
34.In an experiment to investigate rusting, an iron nail is placed in a test tube with boiled water and a layer of oil. What is the purpose of the oil layer?
Easy
- ATo keep out air
- BTo keep out water
- CTo absorb moisture
- DTo provide oxygen
35.Galvanising protects iron from rusting only by the barrier method.
Medium
True or false?
36.Which metal is used for sacrificial protection of iron because it is more reactive than iron?
Easy
- ACopper
- BZinc
- CSilver
- DGold
37.During rusting, iron is reduced.
Easy
True or false?
38.Match each metal with its correct reaction when added to cold water.
Medium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Reacts violently
- Reacts less strongly
- No reaction with cold water, reacts with steam
39.Arrange the following metals in order of increasing reactivity (least reactive first): Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium.
Medium
- Copper
- Iron
- Zinc
- Magnesium
40.Complete the sentence:
Easy
Rust is the reddish-brown compound called ____.
41.State the two conditions necessary for rusting to occur.
Easy
42.Complete the sentence about the reactivity of aluminium.
Easy
Aluminium is high in the reactivity series but reacts slowly with dilute acids because it has a protective layer of ____.

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