Discussion and debate
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課程筆記
What is a Debate?
- A debate is a formal discussion where people put forward opposing arguments on a set topic.
- It often has a moderator who keeps order and an audience who listen to the arguments.
- Debates can happen in many places: public meetings, schools, debate halls, and legislative assemblies.
- In a debate, speakers aim to persuade others using logical consistency, factual accuracy, and emotional appeal.
- Competitive debates often have rules that participants agree on, including how the debate will be judged.
The Structure of a Formal Debate
- A formal debate starts with a motion – a statement that is being argued for or against.
- The proposition side argues in favour of the motion; the opposition side argues against it.
- Each speaker is given a specific time frame to present their arguments.
- After the main speeches, there is often a rebuttal stage where speakers respond to the other side's points.
- The debate ends with a summing up, where each side summarises their strongest arguments.
- Sometimes a vote is taken to reach a conclusion or to adjourn the topic for further discussion.
Roles in a Debate
- The moderator (or president) introduces the topic and ensures the rules are followed.
- The proposition speakers present arguments supporting the motion.
- The opposition speakers challenge the motion and present counter-arguments.
- The audience listens carefully and may vote or ask questions at the end.
- All speakers must avoid slandering or insulting others and must stick to the topic.
Taking Part in Discussions
- In a discussion, everyone should have the chance to speak and be heard.
- Active listening means paying full attention to the speaker, not just waiting for your turn.
- You can build on someone's point by adding to it or giving an example.
- You can challenge a point respectfully by questioning the evidence or reasoning.
- Use phrases like 'I see your point, but…' or 'Building on what you said…' to keep the discussion polite.
Summarising a Discussion
- A summary should capture the main points made by both sides.
- It should be concise and balanced, without adding your own opinion.
- Identify the key arguments and any agreements or disagreements that emerged.
- Use neutral language and avoid judging the speakers.
- A good summary helps everyone see what was discussed and what conclusions were reached.
The History of Debating
- Debating has a long history, with roots in Ancient Greece (Athenian democracy) and Ancient India (Shastrartha).
- In Imperial China, the Discourses on Salt and Iron (81 BCE) were famous debates among scholars.
- Modern debating societies emerged during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.
- Trinity College Dublin has two of Europe's oldest debating societies: The Hist (1770) and The Phil (1683).
- The Society of Cogers was founded in London in 1755 and still operates today.
- By the 1770s, debating societies had become a firmly established part of London society.
Student Debating Societies
- Student debating societies appeared in universities in the 18th century.
- Princeton University had several short-lived student debating societies in the mid-1700s.
- The American Whig Society at Princeton was co-founded in 1765 by James Madison.
- The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill were formed in 1795 and are still active.
- The first student debating society in Great Britain was the St Andrews Debating Society, formed in 1794.
- The Cambridge Union Society, founded in 1815, claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the world.
Improvising, Rehearsing, and Performing Drama
- Improvising means creating scenes or dialogue on the spot without a script.
- Rehearsing involves practising a scene to improve timing, expression, and movement.
- Performing means presenting a drama to an audience with confidence and clarity.
- These skills help you think quickly, work as a team, and speak clearly in front of others.
- They are useful in debates too, where you may need to respond spontaneously to arguments.
投影片
練習題
免費預覽——55 題中的 8 題。註冊即可查看全部。
1.In a formal debate, what is the name of the statement being argued about?
Easy- Athe motion
- Bthe moderator
- Cthe rebuttal
- Dthe summing up
2.In a debate, which side argues in favour of the motion?
Easy- Athe proposition
- Bthe opposition
- Cthe moderator
- Dthe audience
3.A speaker answers the other team's main arguments directly and shows why they are weak. What is this part of a debate called?
Easy- Arebuttal
- Bmotion
- Cmoderation
- Dnomination
4.Which word means 'to make a statement or claim that you then support with reasons'?
Easy- Aargue
- Barguee
- Cargumentive
- Darguement
5.Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
Easy- A"I disagree," said Maya, "because the evidence is weak."
- B"I disagree" said Maya "because the evidence is weak."
- C"I disagree," said Maya "because the evidence is weak".
- D"I disagree," said Maya, "because the evidence is weak".
6.Read this sentence: 'The moderator asked the speakers to remain polite, and they agreed.' Which word is the conjunction?
Medium- Aand
- Basked
- Cpolite
- Dthey
7.Which sentence uses the most precise word to describe a speaker who keeps interrupting?
Medium- AThe speaker was disruptive because he repeatedly interrupted others.
- BThe speaker was bad because he interrupted others.
- CThe speaker was not good because he interrupted others.
- DThe speaker was a bit annoying because he interrupted others.
8.Which of these are standard roles or stages in a formal debate? (select all that apply)
Medium- Amotion
- Bproposition
- Copposition
- Drebuttal
- Espelling test
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